Background Notes

Introduction 

The Earnings, Hours and Employment Costs Survey (EHECS) replaced the four-yearly Labour Costs Survey, and also replaced all other CSO short-term earnings inquiries. The EHECS results are comparable across sectors and include more detail on components of earnings and labour costs than was previously available.

Legislation

The survey information was collected by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the S.I. No 140 of 2013 Statistics (Labour Costs Surveys) Order 2013. The information collected is treated as strictly confidential in accordance with the Statistics Act 1993. The survey results meet the requirements for Labour Costs statistics set out in Council Regulation (EC) 530/1999.

Business Register

The CSO’s Business Register provides the register of relevant enterprises for the survey. An enterprise is defined as the smallest legally independent unit.

Business Classification

The business classification used for the EHECS is based on the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE Rev.2). The NACE code of each enterprise included in the survey was determined from the predominant activity of the enterprise, based on information provided in this or other CSO inquiries.

Nace Classification

NACE Rev.2 is the latest classification system for economic activities, updated from NACE Rev 1.1. A major revision of NACE was conducted between 2000 and 2007, in order to ensure that the NACE classification system remained relevant for the economy. The main changes that affected the release was the reclassification of some industrial enterprises from industry to services (principally in the software and publishing sectors) and the inclusion of air conditioning supply, sewerage, water management and remediation activities in industry.

Coverage

The survey results relate to enterprises in the NACE Rev.2 Sections B-E (Industry), F (Construction), G (Wholesale & retail trade: repair of motor vehicles & motorcycles), H (Transportation & storage), I (Accommodation & food services activities), J (Information & communication), K-L (Financial, insurance & real estate activities), M (Professional, scientific & technical activities), N (Administrative & support services activities), O (Public administration & defence), P (Education), Q (Human health & social work activities) and R-S (Arts, entertainment, recreation & other service activities) with 3 or more employees. The data was collected at enterprise level.

NACE Rev.2 Sections A (Agriculture, forestry and fishing), T (Activities of households as employers) and U (Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies) are not covered in the survey as most employment in these sectors is not enterprise based.

All enterprises with 50 or more employees and a sample of those with 3 to 49 employees are surveyed each quarter. The sample is based on the proportion of companies in each NACE 2 digit economic sectors in the 3 to 49 size classes (3 to 9, 10 to 19 and 20 to 49).

Earnings in the public sector are calculated before the deduction of the pension levy that was introduced in March 2009. For Q1 and Q2 2011 and Q1 2016 temporary census field staff are included in all calculations due to the large numbers involved.

Data Collection

The survey is conducted by post and questionnaires are issued in the last week of each quarter. Some returns are received electronically. All returns are scrutinised for accuracy. Where appropriate, firms are queried by post or telephone regarding incompleteness, apparent inconsistencies, etc. Information about the survey is on the CSO website and all questionnaires and instructions are available electronically there.

Definitions

Registered Employment:

Registered employment refers to the employment of respondent enterprises at the end of the reference quarter. For non-respondent enterprises and enterprises not in the sample, registered employment refers to the employment from the Business Register. The Business Register base enterprise employment on data from the latest revenue P35 files. The Business Register has a lag of between 12 and 18 months between the current quarter and the latest revenue P35 file. For this reason the Business Register is not a suitable measure of short term trends in employment. Thus, sectoral registered employment is adjusted to reflect the trends of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) sectoral employment. The LFS is designed to measure short term changes in employment. 

Average Employment

For respondent enterprises average employment refers to the average of the quarters opening employment and closing employment. This variable is used as the denominator in calculating average earnings per person and average paid hours per person.

All Employees

All persons who have a direct employment contract with an enterprise as employees, who receive wages or salaries. Persons not working for salary e.g. family members, directors, partners, outside pieceworker’s etc., are not considered employees but other persons engaged. These workers are included separately but not used in the calculation of derived variables. All employment figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Full-time Employees

Employees whose regular working hours are the same as the collectively agreed or customary hours worked in the enterprise, irrespective of the duration of the employment contract. Full-time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part-time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sick leave, and health insurance.

Part-time Employees

Employees whose regular working hours are less than the collectively agreed or customary hours worked in the enterprise. The definition of part-time varies from enterprise to enterprise but in general part-time employees work 80% or less of the regular hours of the enterprise. 

Apprentices/Trainees

All persons, both full-time or part-time, whose wages or salaries are governed by the fact that they work either under an apprenticeship contract or as part of a training program. 

Wages and Salaries

All wages and salaries payments are gross (i.e. before deduction of income tax and employees' PRSI contributions and levies such as the public sector pension levy). In the analysis, the total wages and salaries are divided into:

- Regular earnings: payments made regularly at each pay period during the year, excluding all irregular and overtime earnings.

- Overtime earnings: payment for hours worked in excess of normal hours.

- Total earnings excluding irregular earnings: regular earnings + overtime earnings.

- Irregular earnings: bonuses which are not paid regularly at each pay period. For example: end of quarter or year productivity bonus.

- Apprentice/Trainees earnings: total of apprentices & trainees' regular wages and salaries, overtime and irregular bonuses and allowances.

- Total earnings: total of regular earnings, overtime earnings and irregular earnings.

Other Labour Costs

Other labour costs are costs to the employer, in addition to wages and salaries, of employing labour. They include the below categories:

- Statutory social contributions: statutory employers’ PRSI including the social security contributions for apprentices/trainees.

- Non-statutory social contributions: payments made by enterprises on behalf of their employees which include pension fund contributions, life assurance premiums, income continuance insurance, redundancy payments as well as other employee related payments.

- Other expenses: other employee related payments e.g. study grants, etc.

– Benefits in kind (BIK); net cost of all goods and services made available to employees by the employer. For example, payments for private use of company cars, stock options & share purchase schemes, voluntary sickness insurance, staff housing and other free or subsidised benefits (e.g. canteen facilities, childcare provision, health costs). BIK is included as earnings by Eurostat for the Labour Costs Survey and the Labour Costs Index.

- Subsidies and refunds: amounts received by enterprises intended to refund part or all of the cost of wages and salaries and training costs. These may include training subsidies from SOLAS or Job Bridge as well as refunds from the Department of Social Protection (DSP) for sick and maternity leave. These are deducted from the firms’ labour costs in the analysis.

Paid Hours

- Regular paid hours: These are normal working hours of employees, usually specified in the contract of employment and should include paid leave e.g. paid sick leave and annual leave.

- Overtime paid hours: Hours worked in excess of contracted hours.  

- Total paid hours: Sum of regular paid hours and overtime paid hours.

Derived Variables

Total annual earnings

- Total annual regular earnings: The sum of regular earnings in all enterprises in the year.

- Total annual overtime earnings: The sum of overtime earnings in all enterprises in the year.

- Total annual earnings excluding irregular earnings: The sum of regular earnings and overtime earnings in all enterprises in the year.

- Total annual irregular earnings: The sum of irregular earnings in all enterprises in the year.

- Total annual total earnings: The sum of regular earnings, overtime earnings and irregular earnings in all enterprises in the year.

Total annual other labour costs

The sum of other labour costs which includes statutory and non-statutory employers contributions to social security, redundancy payments, training and other costs and benefits in kind in all enterprises in the year.  Subsidies and refunds are deducted.

Total annual labour costs

The sum of total annual earnings and total annual other labour costs.

Average annual earnings

- Average annual regular earnings: Total annual regular earnings divided by average employment.

- Average annual overtime earnings: Total annual overtime earnings divided by average employment.

- Average annual earnings excluding irregular earnings: Total annual earnings excluding irregular earnings divided by average employment.

- Average annual irregular earnings: Total annual irregular earnings divided by average employment.

- Average annual total earnings: Total annual total earnings divided by average employment.

Average annual other labour costs

- Average annual other labour costs divided by average annual employment.

Average annual total labour costs

- Average annual total labour costs divided by average annual employment.

Average hourly regular earnings

- Average hourly regular earnings: Total annual regular earnings divided by total annual paid hours.

- Average hourly overtime earnings: Total annual overtime earnings divided by total annual paid hours.

- Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings: Total annual earnings excluding irregular earnings divided by total annual paid hours.

- Average hourly irregular earnings: Total annual irregular earnings divided by total annual paid hours.

- Average hourly total earnings: Total annual total earnings divided by total annual paid hours.

Average weekly paid hours

- Average regular weekly paid hours: Regular paid hours for the year divided by the average employment divided by 52 (Number of weeks in year).

- Average overtime weekly paid hours: Overtime paid hours for the year divided by the average employment divided by 52 (Number of weeks in year).

- Average total weekly paid hours: Total paid hours for the year divided by the average employment divided by 52 (Number of weeks in year).

Unpaid hours including unpaid overtime and unpaid leave are excluded. 

Methodology for production of annual results

Quarterly EHECS Dataset

All enterprises with 50 or more employees are surveyed quarterly as well as a sample of enterprises which have between 3 and 49 employees inclusive. For enterprises with 3 to 49 employees inclusive, a weighting factor (the reciprocal of the sampling fraction) is used to weight the estimates to the total population for both employees and enterprises. The CSO's Business Register forms the basis of the sampling frame used for weighting the sample data to the population. Decay factors are calculated for each size class and sector to adjust the non-sampled element of the register for the respondent non-relevant enterprises.

Imputation is carried out for non-respondents in the greater than 50 employees’ categories. Where an enterprise responded in the previous quarter ratio-imputation is used to estimate figures for the current quarter. For enterprises that did not respond in the previous four quarter a stratum average imputation method is used to estimate the missing variables. These estimates are based on respondent enterprises of a similar size and activity.

After imputation, all enterprises with 50 or more employees are accounted for and included in the final dataset. All enterprises employing between 3 and 49 employees are allocated a grossing factor to represent the entire population for their relevant industry sector and size class in the quarter. All enterprises' data are contained in the final quarterly dataset which is tabulated to produce the aggregates which are published in the Earnings and Labour Costs quarterly release.

Annual EHECS Dataset 

The four quarterly datasets are merged to create an annual dataset. This annual dataset is summarised, using the weighting factor, to produce aggregates which are published in the Earnings and Labour Costs Annual release.

Interpretation of results

The series presented in this release and all estimates deriving from the EHECS survey are primarily of use as an indicator of trends in average earnings across different classifications. However, in interpreting the trends and in undertaking direct comparison of the average level of earnings across sectors, some caution in interpretation is warranted. For example, the results presented here are based on raw earnings levels. To get a true picture of differences in earnings levels of different employees, comparisons should take account of differences in the characteristics of employees, such as length of service, educational attainment level, nature of work, etc., none of which are available via EHECS. The additional information available from the Earnings Analysis using Administrative Data Sources (EAADS) and the National Employment Survey (NES) allows for a more detailed analysis of differences in earnings levels and should be referred to by users seeking more detailed information on earnings determinants than is available from EHECS.

Calculation of percentage rates of change 

Percentage rates of change presented in this release may differ from the percentage rates of change calculated from the rounded values presented in the tables.

Earnings and Labour Costs Revisions implemented in June 2018 and June 2019
Earnings and Labour Costs data have been revised from 2008 to 2017. These revisions are reflected in both the Earnings and Labour Costs Annual 2017 and 2018 releases and related StatBank tables. These revisions arise as a result of the introduction of the new Labour Force Survey, new population estimates as a result of the 2016 Census of Population, changes in the composition of the NUTS regions in the Labour Force Survey and other minor updates to EHECS aggregation processes. The revisions primarily change the number of employees in NACE sectors over the period and thus mainly affect the total annual earnings and labour costs statistics. The revisions have minor impact on average earnings and labour costs statistics and do not change previously published trends in these averages.

The Labour Force Survey is the official source of employment data in Ireland. The new Labour Force Survey published revised employment estimates in January 2018. These updated sectoral employment trends provide the basis for the Earnings and Labour Costs Annual release to revise earnings, hours, employment and labour cost statistics.

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