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Earnings and Labour Costs Q3 2023 (Final) Q4 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)

Average weekly earnings up 2.1% in the 12 months to Q4 2023

Online ISSN: 2009-5023

CSO statistical publication, 27 February 2024, 11am

The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is the official source of employment estimates. Earnings and Labour Costs sectoral estimates are adjusted to reflect the trends of the LFS sectoral employment. The LFS employment estimates have been updated in Quarter 4 (Q4) 2023 to account for 2022 Census of Population estimates. It is intended that the Earnings and Labour Costs estimates will be updated to reflect the updated population estimates in the Q1 2024 release, due for publication on the 29 May 2024.

Key Findings

Average weekly earnings were €921.81 in Quarter 4 (Q4) 2023, up 2.1% from €902.56 in Q4 2022.
Average hourly earnings rose by 2.1% to €28.43 in Q4 2023, from €27.85 in Q4 2022.
Average weekly paid hours were 32.4 in Q4 2023, remaining unchanged from Q4 2022.
The job vacancy rate at the end of Q4 2023 was 1.0%, lower than the 1.3% recorded at the end of Q4 2022, and down from 1.2% at the end of Q3 2023.
Average hourly other labour costs grew by 7.4% to €4.94 in Q4 2023, from €4.60 in Q4 2022.
The highest averages for hourly total labour costs in Q4 2023 were €55.18 in Information & Communication, and €47.07 in Education.
The Public Administration & Defence sector had the highest job vacancy rate at 2.4% in Q4 2023, followed by 1.7% in the Finance, Insurance & Real Estate sector.

Statistician's Comment

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) has today (27 February 2024) issued Earnings and Labour costs results with Preliminary estimates for Quarter 4 (Q4) 2023 and Final estimates for Q3 2023.

Commenting on the data, Louise Egan, Statistician in the Earnings Analysis Division, said: “Preliminary estimates for October, November, and December (Q4) 2023 show average weekly earnings were €921.81, up 2.1% compared with €902.56 in Q4 2022.

Earnings and Hours

Average weekly earnings increased across 12 out of 13 sectors in the year to Q4 2023. The largest annual percentage increase in average weekly earnings in Q4 2023 was 9.8% in the Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Service Activities sector.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 2.1% to €28.43, while average weekly paid hours (32.4) showed no change between Q4 2022 and Q4 2023. Over the five years from Q4 2018 to Q4 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 21.9% from €23.33 to €28.43.

Labour Costs

Average hourly other labour costs rose by 7.4% across all economic sectors to €4.94 in Q4 2023 from €4.60 in Q4 2022, while average hourly total labour costs grew by 2.8% in the same period.

The sector with the highest average hourly total labour costs in Q4 2023 was the Information & Communication sector at €55.18. The lowest average total labour costs were in the Accommodation & Food Service Activities sector, which recorded a rate of €18.49.

Job Vacancy Rate

The job vacancy rate in Q4 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was 1.0%, down from 1.2% at the end of Q3 2023 and down from 1.3% at the end of Q4 2022."

Preliminary Estimates Q4 2023

Headline Table: Earnings, Hours and Labour Costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
	Average Weekly Earnings	Average Hourly Earnings	Average Hourly Total Labour Costs	Average Weekly Paid Hours
	€	€	€	Hours
	Unadjusted
Q4 2022	902.56	27.85	32.45	32.4
Q4 2023	921.81	28.43	33.36	32.4
Annual % change	2.1	2.1	2.8	0.0
	Seasonally Adjusted
Q3 2023	922.32	28.57	33.41	32.3
Q4 2023	921.08	28.47	33.30	32.3
Quarterly % change	-0.1	-0.4	-0.3	0.0

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 HLT (XLS 10KB)

Editor's Note

While there is no internationally agreed methodology for assessing the public/private sector wage gap, the CSO has published analysis of the differential using a matched Labour Force Survey and P35 dataset for 2015-2018. This analysis took account of compositional differences between the public and private sector, such as occupational mix, sectors of activity, gender balance, union membership, etc. The public sector pay gap in 2018 was estimated to range from -3.8% to +0.1% depending on the specification applied and the treatment of the Pension Levy.

See most recent analysis for 2015-2018 here. See also previous versions for 2009-2010 here (PDF 678KB) and for 2011-2014 here (PDF 686KB)

Earnings and Hours

Average weekly earnings were €921.81 in Q4 2023, an increase of 2.1% when compared with €902.56 from one year earlier, according to preliminary estimates of the Earnings and Labour Costs quarterly release.

The largest annual percentage increase in Q4 2023 in average weekly earnings was 9.8% in the Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Services sector, rising from €590.81 to €649.00. The second largest increase was 8.3% in the Administrative and Support Services sector which rose from €696.87 to €754.55 over the year.

In the five years to Q4 2023, average weekly earnings rose by 21.7%. All sectors saw increases in average weekly earnings over this period.

Average hourly earnings grew on an annual basis by 2.1% to €28.43 in Q4 2023, while average weekly paid hours remained unchanged in the year. Over the five years from Q4 2018 to Q4 2023, average hourly earnings rose by 21.9% from €23.33 to €28.43, while average paid hours decreased 0.3% from 32.5 to 32.4 hours.

	5 Year % Change
Information & communication	34.8960205391528
Arts & entertainment	30.6281826781797
Admin & support service	26.2105879401187
Accommodation & food	23.2167004732928
Health & social	22.7000649718686
All sectors	21.7376949591263
Professional & technical	21.6106047336383
Construction	17.9075577763897
Financial & real estate	17.4091234687679
Education	17.2769788378347
Industry	17.2469761650658
Public admin & defence	16.8310598111228
Wholesale & retail	14.2955742975944
Transportation	3.29086043151836

#REF!

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q416	22.18	22.19
Q117	22.69	22.16
Q217	22.27	22.3
Q317	22.16	22.65
Q417	22.6	22.63
Q118	23.4	22.83
Q218	22.94	22.95
Q318	22.62	23.16
Q418	23.33	23.38
Q119	24.05	23.42
Q219	23.69	23.68
Q319	23.53	24.15
Q419	24.23	24.31
Q120	24.76	24.05
Q220	25.39	25.35
Q320	24.38	25.1
Q420	25.56	25.62
Q121	26.83	26.08
Q221	26.07	26.04
Q321	25.29	26.07
Q421	26.27	26.32
Q122	27.42	26.61
Q222	26.72	26.7
Q322	26.19	26.98
Q422	27.85	27.88
Q123	28.51	27.72
Q223	28.17	28.15
Q323	27.8	28.57
Q423	28.43	28.47

	Q4 2022	Q4 2023
Industry	26.75	27.6
Construction	25.01	25.23
Wholesale & retail	21.52	22.5
Transportation	23.96	23.16
Accommodation & food	15.41	16.63
Information & communication	40.54	42.09
Financial & real estate	36.3	37.2
Professional & technical	31.57	32.9
Admin & support service	21.78	23.7
Public admin & defence	31.8	30.96
Education	42.85	42.12
Health & social	27.74	28.14
Arts & entertainment	20.96	22.02
All sectors	27.85	28.43

X-axis label	Unadjusted	Seasonally Adjusted
Q416	32.4	32.3
Q117	32	32.4
Q217	32.4	32.4
Q317	32.4	32.2
Q417	32.4	32.3
Q118	31.8	32.2
Q218	32.5	32.5
Q318	32.8	32.6
Q418	32.5	32.4
Q119	32.1	32.5
Q219	32.6	32.6
Q319	32.7	32.4
Q419	32.5	32.4
Q120	32.3	32.7
Q220	32.2	32.2
Q320	32.6	32.3
Q420	33.1	33
Q121	32.1	32.4
Q221	32.6	32.7
Q321	33.1	32.8
Q421	32.9	32.8
Q122	32.3	32.6
Q222	32.6	32.7
Q322	33.1	32.8
Q422	32.4	32.3
Q123	32.4	32.7
Q223	32.3	32.4
Q323	32.6	32.3
Q423	32.4	32.3

Total Labour Costs

Average hourly total labour costs were €33.36 across all economic sectors in Q4 2023. Information & Communication had the highest average hourly total labour costs at €55.18, followed by €47.07 in the Education sector.

The sectors with the lowest cost of employing labour were Accommodation & Food Services Activities at €18.49 and Arts, Entertainment, Recreation & Other Service Activities at €25.58.

Average hourly total labour costs increased by 23.6% over the five years to Q4 2023, from €27.00 per hour to €33.36.

	5 Year % Change
Information & communication	39.9442049201116
Admin & support services	27.9645191409897
Accommodation & food	27.5172413793103
Arts & entertainment	26.1341222879684
Professional & technical	25.7161043921069
All sectors	23.5555555555556
Health & social	22.1097703386532
Wholesale & retail	20.6185567010309
Public admin & defence	20.2750352609309
Construction	19.1498142798184
Education	18.2960542849962
Industry	17.8407079646018
Financial & real estate	16.8539325842697
Transportation	-0.808526277104015

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Public Sector

Average weekly earnings decreased by 1.6% across the public sector in the year to Q4 2023, dropping from €1,129.98 to €1,112.29.

The Building Momentum Public Service Agreement 2021-2022 was implemented in Q4 2022 and introduced an increase in the annualised basic salaries for public servants of 3%, which was backdated to 02 February 2022. Payments to public servants in Q4 2022 may have included backdated pay in relation to this Agreement, which impacts the annual percentage change of average weekly earnings.

An Garda Síochána had the highest average weekly earnings in Q4 2023 in the public sector at €1,471.40. The highest average hourly earnings in this period were €47.86 in the Education sector.

FALSE

	Q4 2022	Q4 2023
Civil service	1095.19	1098.15
Defence	942	944.63
Garda Siochana	1512.46	1471.4
Education	1159.4	1116.3
Regional bodies	1004.5	1008.34
Health	1102.69	1106.47
Semi-state	1177.2	1135.12
All public sector	1129.98	1112.29

	Q4 2022	Q4 2023
Civil service	45300	46700
Defence	9300	9900
Garda Siochana	14200	14400
Education	111300	113600
Regional bodies	35600	37300
Health	171900	164300
Semi-state	59500	62500

Job Vacancies

The job vacancy rate in Q4 2023, which measures job vacancies on the last working day of the quarter, was down at 1.0% from 1.3% in Q4 2022. It was down from 1.2% recorded at the end of Q3 2023.

The highest job vacancy rates in Q4 2023 were 2.4% in the Public Administration & Defence sector, followed by 1.7% in Financial Insurance & Real Estate sector.

There were 23,100 job vacancies, (rounded to the nearest 100), at the end of Q4 2023, down by 5,400 from the end of Q4 2022.

X-axis label	Job Vacancy Rate
Q416	0.9
Q117	1
Q217	1.1
Q317	1.1
Q417	1
Q118	1
Q218	1.2
Q318	1
Q418	0.9
Q119	1
Q219	1.1
Q319	0.9
Q419	0.9
Q120	0.8
Q220	0.7
Q320	0.8
Q420	0.9
Q121	1
Q221	1.2
Q321	1.5
Q421	1.4
Q122	1.6
Q222	1.6
Q322	1.6
Q422	1.3
Q123	1.4
Q223	1.3
Q323	1.2
Q423	1

Tables

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 1 Average weekly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	899.52	915.00	969.80	981.28	1,016.36	1,024.42	1,054.66	30.24	3.0	38.30	3.8
F	Construction	800.50	841.01	888.54	916.08	940.24	930.91	943.85	12.94	1.4	3.61	0.4
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	594.03	602.86	635.24	659.06	652.08	676.44	678.95	2.51	0.4	26.87	4.1
H	Transportation and storage	844.46	827.71	799.32	808.07	867.79	846.01	872.25	26.24	3.1	4.46	0.5
I	Accommodation and food services	354.96	379.14	391.21	391.15	409.23	428.39	437.37	8.98	2.1	28.14	6.9
J	Information and communication	1,168.50	1,240.01	1,308.68	1,376.70	1,516.16	1,524.47	1,576.26	51.79	3.4	60.10	4.0
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,102.87	1,130.07	1,182.44	1,226.54	1,263.72	1,244.44	1,294.87	50.43	4.1	31.15	2.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	924.87	974.01	1,039.96	1,087.90	1,091.23	1,107.53	1,124.74	17.21	1.6	33.51	3.1
N	Administrative and support services	597.85	625.61	654.70	686.20	696.87	701.94	754.55	52.61	7.5	57.68	8.3
O	Public administration and defence	953.00	976.49	1,010.73	1,011.61	1,121.13	1,089.25	1,113.40	24.15	2.2	-7.73	-0.7
P	Education	855.30	881.35	906.26	927.10	999.05	981.67	1,003.07	21.40	2.2	4.02	0.4
Q	Human health and social work	723.39	750.94	787.82	806.35	866.85	885.07	887.60	2.53	0.3	20.75	2.4
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	496.83	522.72	556.47	592.75	590.81	626.31	649.00	22.69	3.6	58.19	9.8
All Sectors		757.21	786.33	847.21	863.70	902.56	905.68	921.81	16.13	1.8	19.25	2.1
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		698.61	726.32	792.63	814.56	834.39	842.52	863.53	21.01	2.5	29.14	3.5
Public sector²		961.67	991.07	1,021.22	1,023.36	1,129.98	1,120.58	1,112.29	-8.29	-0.7	-17.69	-1.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		607.55	631.39	679.30	702.96	708.21	740.81	760.37	19.56	2.6	52.16	7.4
50-250 employees		700.08	731.81	809.68	815.70	833.83	812.21	827.18	14.97	1.8	-6.65	-0.8
Greater than 250 employees		881.78	913.03	965.61	977.79	1,044.15	1,037.14	1,048.04	10.90	1.1	3.89	0.4
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average weekly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8a.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 Table 1 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 2 Average hourly earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	23.30	23.98	24.73	25.52	26.75	26.82	27.60	0.78	2.9	0.85	3.2
F	Construction	21.55	22.74	23.27	23.75	25.01	25.44	25.23	-0.21	-0.8	0.22	0.9
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	19.13	19.80	20.38	21.20	21.52	21.81	22.50	0.69	3.2	0.98	4.6
H	Transportation and storage	23.34	23.66	22.01	22.48	23.96	23.21	23.16	-0.05	-0.2	-0.80	-3.3
I	Accommodation and food services	13.09	13.67	15.66	14.94	15.41	15.88	16.63	0.75	4.7	1.22	7.9
J	Information and communication	32.31	33.64	35.35	37.25	40.54	40.79	42.09	1.30	3.2	1.55	3.8
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	31.54	32.46	33.87	35.17	36.30	36.10	37.20	1.10	3.0	0.90	2.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	27.19	28.26	29.65	30.83	31.57	32.49	32.90	0.41	1.3	1.33	4.2
N	Administrative and support services	18.62	19.27	20.44	21.24	21.78	22.51	23.70	1.19	5.3	1.92	8.8
O	Public administration and defence	25.98	26.56	27.05	28.19	31.80	30.17	30.96	0.79	2.6	-0.84	-2.6
P	Education	35.97	36.91	37.46	38.65	42.85	42.43	42.12	-0.31	-0.7	-0.73	-1.7
Q	Human health and social work	23.09	23.69	24.37	24.80	27.74	27.47	28.14	0.67	2.4	0.40	1.4
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	17.69	18.85	19.53	20.60	20.96	21.56	22.02	0.46	2.1	1.06	5.1
All Sectors		23.33	24.23	25.56	26.27	27.85	27.80	28.43	0.63	2.3	0.58	2.1
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		21.54	22.40	23.82	24.58	25.58	25.84	26.45	0.61	2.4	0.87	3.4
Public sector²		29.57	30.43	31.21	31.94	35.64	34.51	35.08	0.57	1.7	-0.56	-1.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		19.71	20.37	21.40	22.20	22.87	23.98	24.26	0.28	1.2	1.39	6.1
50-250 employees		21.27	22.35	24.14	24.38	25.26	24.80	25.39	0.59	2.4	0.13	0.5
Greater than 250 employees		26.39	27.38	28.49	29.28	31.58	30.97	31.77	0.80	2.6	0.19	0.6
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
²Average hourly earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8b.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 Table 2 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 3 Average weekly paid hours by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
		hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	hours	%	hours	%
B-E	Industry	38.6	38.2	39.2	38.5	38.0	38.2	38.2	-	-	0.2	0.5
F	Construction	37.1	37.0	38.2	38.6	37.6	36.6	37.4	0.8	2.2	-0.2	-0.5
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	31.1	30.4	31.2	31.1	30.3	31.0	30.2	-0.8	-2.6	-0.1	-0.3
H	Transportation and storage	36.2	35.0	36.3	35.9	36.2	36.5	37.7	1.2	3.3	1.5	4.1
I	Accommodation and food services	27.1	27.7	25.0	26.2	26.5	27.0	26.3	-0.7	-2.6	-0.2	-0.8
J	Information and communication	36.2	36.9	37.0	37.0	37.4	37.4	37.5	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	35.0	34.8	34.9	34.9	34.8	34.5	34.8	0.3	0.9	-	-
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	34.0	34.5	35.1	35.3	34.6	34.1	34.2	0.1	0.3	-0.4	-1.2
N	Administrative and support services	32.1	32.5	32.0	32.3	32.0	31.2	31.8	0.6	1.9	-0.2	-0.6
O	Public administration and defence	36.7	36.8	37.4	35.9	35.3	36.1	36.0	-0.1	-0.3	0.7	2.0
P	Education	23.8	23.9	24.2	24.0	23.3	23.1	23.8	0.7	3.0	0.5	2.1
Q	Human health and social work	31.3	31.7	32.3	32.5	31.3	32.2	31.5	-0.7	-2.2	0.2	0.6
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	28.1	27.7	28.5	28.8	28.2	29.1	29.5	0.4	1.4	1.3	4.6
All Sectors		32.5	32.5	33.1	32.9	32.4	32.6	32.4	-0.2	-0.6	-	-
Public/Private Sector¹
Private sector		32.4	32.4	33.3	33.1	32.6	32.6	32.6	-	-	-	-
Public sector²		32.5	32.6	32.7	32.0	31.7	32.5	31.7	-0.8	-2.5	-	-
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		30.8	31.0	31.7	31.7	31.0	30.9	31.3	0.4	1.3	0.3	1.0
50-250 employees		32.9	32.7	33.5	33.5	33.0	32.8	32.6	-0.2	-0.6	-0.4	-1.2
Greater than 250 employees		33.4	33.3	33.9	33.4	33.1	33.5	33.0	-0.5	-1.5	-0.1	-0.3
¹ For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
² Average weekly paid hours by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8c.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 Table 3 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by quarter

Table 4 Earnings, hours and labour costs, unadjusted and seasonally adjusted by other characteristics and quarter
	Unadjusted Series					Seasonally Adjusted Series
Quarter	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs	Average weekly earnings	Average weekly paid hours	Average hourly earnings	Average hourly other labour costs	Average hourly total labour costs
Q1 2008	704.60	32.7	21.56	3.51	25.07	707.29	33.3	21.37	3.52	24.83
Q2 2008	705.28	32.8	21.50	3.40	24.90	707.54	32.8	21.56	3.41	25.00
Q3 2008	696.11	32.8	21.20	3.41	24.61	700.65	32.4	21.60	3.50	25.06
Q4 2008	721.89	32.5	22.24	3.60	25.84	712.52	32.3	21.98	3.50	25.54
Q1 2009	709.55	31.6	22.44	3.59	26.03	711.97	32.1	22.25	3.60	25.78
Q2 2009	700.75	31.9	22.00	3.64	25.64	703.01	31.9	22.07	3.65	25.74
Q3 2009	698.47	31.9	21.88	3.49	25.37	702.74	31.5	22.25	3.58	25.83
Q4 2009	721.28	32.1	22.50	3.66	26.16	712.84	31.9	22.27	3.55	25.87
Q1 2010	689.32	31.0	22.21	3.36	25.58	691.02	31.5	22.02	3.36	25.32
Q2 2010	696.90	31.6	22.03	3.30	25.33	698.97	31.6	22.08	3.31	25.42
Q3 2010	700.23	32.2	21.78	3.14	24.91	704.20	31.8	22.11	3.23	25.35
Q4 2010	704.11	31.8	22.14	3.27	25.41	697.43	31.7	21.98	3.16	25.16
Q1 2011	684.87	30.9	22.18	3.13	25.31	685.40	31.4	21.96	3.13	25.04
Q2 2011	687.49	31.4	21.90	3.14	25.04	689.14	31.4	21.93	3.16	25.11
Q3 2011	686.59	31.8	21.57	3.08	24.65	690.60	31.5	21.89	3.18	25.09
Q4 2011	696.84	31.6	22.06	3.29	25.35	691.80	31.5	21.98	3.18	25.13
Q1 2012	698.71	31.4	22.25	3.25	25.50	697.97	31.9	21.98	3.24	25.20
Q2 2012	691.62	31.5	21.96	3.28	25.24	692.43	31.5	21.96	3.30	25.30
Q3 2012	692.13	31.7	21.82	3.31	25.12	697.05	31.4	22.15	3.41	25.59
Q4 2012	691.84	31.6	21.90	3.59	25.49	688.13	31.5	21.89	3.48	25.31
Q1 2013	693.21	31.2	22.24	3.46	25.70	690.87	31.6	21.90	3.45	25.35
Q2 2013	695.65	31.6	22.02	3.32	25.34	695.92	31.6	22.01	3.34	25.39
Q3 2013	682.79	31.7	21.53	3.23	24.77	688.84	31.4	21.90	3.33	25.25
Q4 2013	694.03	31.7	21.89	3.73	25.62	691.02	31.6	21.91	3.63	25.47
Q1 2014	699.67	31.3	22.37	3.41	25.78	695.90	31.7	21.95	3.39	25.38
Q2 2014	694.08	31.8	21.81	3.38	25.19	693.94	31.8	21.81	3.40	25.23
Q3 2014	676.58	31.9	21.20	3.27	24.47	683.85	31.7	21.62	3.36	24.97
Q4 2014	702.07	31.8	22.05	3.51	25.56	699.33	31.7	22.07	3.42	25.44
Q1 2015	701.11	31.4	22.30	3.46	25.76	696.04	31.8	21.83	3.44	25.31
Q2 2015	699.22	32.0	21.86	3.45	25.31	699.15	32.0	21.88	3.46	25.36
Q3 2015	692.79	32.2	21.50	3.35	24.84	701.02	32.0	21.95	3.44	25.37
Q4 2015	711.23	32.5	21.91	3.46	25.37	708.66	32.4	21.93	3.38	25.27
Q1 2016	714.26	31.7	22.55	3.51	26.06	708.27	32.1	22.04	3.50	25.57
Q2 2016	706.33	32.1	21.97	3.48	25.45	706.21	32.0	22.00	3.48	25.50
Q3 2016	702.97	32.6	21.56	3.47	25.04	711.83	32.4	22.03	3.56	25.58
Q4 2016	717.52	32.4	22.18	3.58	25.76	715.40	32.3	22.19	3.51	25.68
Q1 2017	725.12	32.0	22.69	3.53	26.22	718.05	32.4	22.16	3.52	25.69
Q2 2017	720.52	32.4	22.27	3.59	25.86	720.56	32.4	22.30	3.58	25.91
Q3 2017	717.55	32.4	22.16	3.50	25.65	726.69	32.2	22.65	3.59	26.22
Q4 2017	731.86	32.4	22.60	3.70	26.31	730.59	32.3	22.63	3.64	26.26
Q1 2018	744.76	31.8	23.40	3.65	27.06	736.43	32.2	22.83	3.64	26.47
Q2 2018	745.09	32.5	22.94	3.63	26.57	744.95	32.5	22.95	3.61	26.61
Q3 2018	742.75	32.8	22.62	3.50	26.12	752.75	32.6	23.16	3.59	26.74
Q4 2018	757.21	32.5	23.33	3.67	27.00	756.74	32.4	23.38	3.61	26.97
Q1 2019	771.60	32.1	24.05	3.69	27.74	761.63	32.5	23.42	3.68	27.10
Q2 2019	771.63	32.6	23.69	3.81	27.51	771.33	32.6	23.68	3.78	27.54
Q3 2019	769.14	32.7	23.53	3.77	27.31	780.51	32.4	24.15	3.87	28.01
Q4 2019	786.33	32.5	24.23	3.96	28.19	786.24	32.4	24.31	3.90	28.15
Q1 2020	800.31	32.3	24.76	3.86	28.62	788.61	32.7	24.05	3.85	27.93
Q2 2020	817.55	32.2	25.39	2.29	27.68	817.30	32.2	25.35	2.25	27.68
Q3 2020	794.89	32.6	24.38	2.69	27.07	807.76	32.3	25.10	2.80	27.81
Q4 2020	847.21	33.1	25.56	2.51	28.07	847.17	33.0	25.62	2.45	28.03
Q1 2021	860.19	32.1	26.83	2.67	29.51	847.31	32.4	26.08	2.66	28.81
Q2 2021	850.81	32.6	26.07	2.91	28.98	850.95	32.7	26.04	2.87	28.96
Q3 2021	837.61	33.1	25.29	2.57	27.86	852.09	32.8	26.07	2.69	28.66
Q4 2021	863.70	32.9	26.27	3.28	29.55	863.52	32.8	26.32	3.22	29.51
Q1 2022	885.33	32.3	27.42	3.60	31.02	869.86	32.6	26.61	3.58	30.25
Q2 2022	871.93	32.6	26.72	4.22	30.94	872.64	32.7	26.70	4.17	30.90
Q3 2022	867.63	33.1	26.19	4.12	30.31	883.25	32.8	26.98	4.25	31.20
Q4 2022	902.56	32.4	27.85	4.60	32.45	902.15	32.3	27.88	4.53	32.40
Q1 2023	924.24	32.4	28.51	4.59	33.10	907.34	32.7	27.72	4.57	32.28
Q2 2023	911.01	32.3	28.17	4.74	32.90	912.28	32.4	28.15	4.69	32.84
Q3 2023	905.68	32.6	27.80	4.65	32.45	922.32	32.3	28.57	4.79	33.41
Q4 2023¹	921.81	32.4	28.43	4.94	33.36	921.08	32.3	28.47	4.87	33.30
¹Preliminary Estimates

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Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5a Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	21.85	22.53	23.24	23.90	25.04	25.66	25.88	0.22	0.9	0.84	3.4
F	Construction	20.82	22.05	22.40	22.86	23.98	24.91	24.71	-0.20	-0.8	0.73	3.0
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	17.84	18.31	18.84	19.47	20.09	20.67	21.22	0.55	2.7	1.13	5.6
H	Transportation and storage	21.79	22.42	20.84	20.91	21.95	22.36	22.26	-0.10	-0.4	0.31	1.4
I	Accommodation and food services	12.80	13.37	15.17	14.63	15.10	15.54	16.13	0.59	3.8	1.03	6.8
J	Information and communication	27.88	29.02	30.49	31.43	34.69	35.41	36.07	0.66	1.9	1.38	4.0
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	29.40	30.77	32.04	32.47	34.06	34.58	35.05	0.47	1.4	0.99	2.9
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	25.26	26.31	26.63	28.40	29.17	30.23	30.47	0.24	0.8	1.30	4.5
N	Administrative and support services	17.34	18.00	19.06	19.73	20.40	21.37	22.39	1.02	4.8	1.99	9.8
O	Public administration and defence	24.89	25.46	25.83	27.06	29.50	29.10	29.78	0.68	2.3	0.28	0.9
P	Education	35.51	36.38	36.95	38.25	39.76	41.91	41.66	-0.25	-0.6	1.90	4.8
Q	Human health and social work	22.06	22.57	23.42	23.87	25.61	26.52	26.90	0.38	1.4	1.29	5.0
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	16.90	17.97	18.90	19.83	20.41	20.74	21.39	0.65	3.1	0.98	4.8
All Sectors		22.02	22.90	24.07	24.66	25.85	26.52	26.92	0.40	1.5	1.07	4.1
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		20.20	21.03	22.21	22.80	23.87	24.51	24.84	0.33	1.3	0.97	4.1
Public sector³		28.39	29.26	30.07	30.91	32.63	33.39	33.92	0.53	1.6	1.29	4.0
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		18.73	19.46	20.32	20.75	21.72	22.96	23.18	0.22	1.0	1.46	6.7
50-250 employees		20.10	20.99	22.64	22.86	23.78	23.85	24.15	0.30	1.3	0.37	1.6
Greater than 250 employees		24.83	25.80	26.75	27.55	28.91	29.42	29.94	0.52	1.8	1.03	3.6
¹ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings plus the average hourly irregular earnings in Table 5b equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 5b Average hourly irregular earnings by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	1.45	1.45	1.49	1.62	1.71	1.16	1.72	0.56	0.01
F	Construction	0.73	0.69	0.87	0.89	1.03	0.54	0.52	-0.02	-0.51
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	1.29	1.49	1.53	1.73	1.42	1.14	1.28	0.14	-0.14
H	Transportation and storage	1.55	1.23	1.18	1.57	2.01	0.85	0.90	0.05	-1.11
I	Accommodation and food services	0.29	0.31	0.49	0.31	0.31	0.34	0.51	0.17	0.20
J	Information and communication	4.43	4.62	4.87	5.81	5.85	5.38	6.02	0.64	0.17
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	2.15	1.69	1.83	2.70	2.24	1.52	2.15	0.63	-0.09
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	1.93	1.95	3.02	2.43	2.40	2.26	2.43	0.17	0.03
N	Administrative and support services	1.28	1.27	1.38	1.51	1.38	1.14	1.31	0.17	-0.07
O	Public administration and defence	1.09	1.09	1.21	1.14	2.31	1.06	1.18	0.12	-1.13
P	Education	0.46	0.53	0.51	0.40	3.09	0.52	0.46	-0.06	-2.63
Q	Human health and social work	1.03	1.11	0.95	0.93	2.12	0.96	1.23	0.27	-0.89
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	0.79	0.88	0.63	0.76	0.54	0.81	0.64	-0.17	0.10
All Sectors		1.31	1.33	1.49	1.61	2.00	1.29	1.51	0.22	-0.49
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1.34	1.37	1.60	1.78	1.70	1.33	1.61	0.28	-0.09
Public sector³		1.19	1.17	1.14	1.03	3.02	1.12	1.16	0.04	-1.86
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.98	0.92	1.08	1.45	1.15	1.02	1.08	0.06	-0.07
50-250 employees		1.17	1.36	1.50	1.52	1.48	0.95	1.24	0.29	-0.24
Greater than 250 employees		1.56	1.58	1.74	1.73	2.67	1.55	1.83	0.28	-0.84
¹ Average hourly irregular earnings plus the average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings in Table 5a equal average hourly earnings as set out in Table 2.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.
³ Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by Public sector sub-sector are set out in Table 8d.

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Table 6a Average hourly other labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6b Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change	Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
B-E	Industry	0.40	0.40	0.47	0.51	0.46	0.22	0.51	0.29	0.05
F	Construction	0.10	0.07	0.08	0.11	0.07	0.11	0.13	0.02	0.06
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	0.47	0.47	0.62	0.56	0.57	0.32	0.57	0.25	-
H	Transportation and storage	0.10	0.12	0.07	0.09	0.10	0.10	0.07	-0.03	-0.03
I	Accommodation and food services	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01
J	Information and communication	1.43	0.90	3.60	5.36	2.92	4.25	4.95	0.70	2.03
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	0.84	0.87	0.61	0.92	0.62	0.46	0.77	0.31	0.15
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	0.22	0.29	0.33	0.40	0.46	0.32	0.47	0.15	0.01
N	Administrative and support services	0.31	0.24	0.34	0.15	0.16	0.36	0.38	0.02	0.22
O	Public administration and defence	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	-
P	Education	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.01	0.02	0.01	-0.04
Q	Human health and social work	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	-	0.01
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	0.28	0.17	0.16	0.19	0.20	0.13	0.27	0.14	0.07
All Sectors		0.29	0.26	0.45	0.57	0.40	0.40	0.53	0.13	0.13
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		0.37	0.34	0.58	0.73	0.52	0.52	0.69	0.17	0.17
Public sector		0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	-
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		0.15	0.16	0.15	0.13	0.15	0.14	0.16	0.02	0.01
50-250 employees		0.22	0.24	0.31	0.34	0.25	0.30	0.31	0.01	0.06
Greater than 250 employees		0.40	0.34	0.66	0.90	0.60	0.58	0.81	0.23	0.21
¹Average hourly benefits in kind (BIK) are a sub-component of average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a. BIK is considered an income rather than an other labour cost by Eurostat and in Structure of Earnings Statistics.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 6c Average hourly total labour costs by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
B-E	Industry	28.25	29.75	28.97	30.54	32.59	32.22	33.29	1.07	3.3	0.70	2.1
F	Construction	24.23	25.70	22.85	25.68	28.38	28.82	28.87	0.05	0.2	0.49	1.7
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	22.31	23.13	21.96	23.78	25.20	25.26	26.91	1.65	6.5	1.71	6.8
H	Transportation and storage	27.21	27.51	22.34	23.47	27.99	27.17	26.99	-0.18	-0.7	-1.00	-3.6
I	Accommodation and food services	14.50	15.14	7.39	8.50	17.03	17.63	18.49	0.86	4.9	1.46	8.6
J	Information and communication	39.43	40.45	44.68	49.55	50.67	53.14	55.18	2.04	3.8	4.51	8.9
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	40.05	42.06	42.71	45.39	45.23	45.05	46.80	1.75	3.9	1.57	3.5
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	31.42	32.94	33.38	35.81	37.25	38.73	39.50	0.77	2.0	2.25	6.0
N	Administrative and support services	21.42	22.17	21.69	23.07	25.02	26.03	27.41	1.38	5.3	2.39	9.6
O	Public administration and defence	28.36	29.06	29.68	30.83	34.97	33.23	34.11	0.88	2.6	-0.86	-2.5
P	Education	39.79	40.95	40.92	42.22	47.93	47.36	47.07	-0.29	-0.6	-0.86	-1.8
Q	Human health and social work	25.69	26.37	26.37	27.12	30.99	30.71	31.37	0.66	2.1	0.38	1.2
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	20.28	21.78	17.17	19.14	24.25	24.67	25.58	0.91	3.7	1.33	5.5
All Sectors		27.00	28.19	28.07	29.55	32.45	32.45	33.36	0.91	2.8	0.91	2.8
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		25.30	26.51	26.07	27.81	30.30	30.65	31.63	0.98	3.2	1.33	4.4
Public sector		32.91	33.92	34.55	35.42	39.84	38.61	39.21	0.60	1.6	-0.63	-1.6
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		22.31	23.17	20.65	22.70	26.11	27.52	28.14	0.62	2.3	2.03	7.8
50-250 employees		24.74	26.10	26.09	26.75	29.49	28.84	29.61	0.77	2.7	0.12	0.4
Greater than 250 employees		30.82	32.17	33.11	34.48	37.08	36.44	37.54	1.10	3.0	0.46	1.2
¹ Average hourly total labour costs equal the average hourly earnings in Table 2 plus the average hourly other labour costs as set out in Table 6a.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

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Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7a Employment by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
NACE Principal Activity		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023
NACE Principal Activity		Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4
B-E	Industry	220,400	226,900	226,400	231,900	242,300	253,400	261,600	260,600	256,900
F	Construction	90,200	95,700	106,500	113,800	106,700	124,200	127,800	133,700	124,400
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	304,100	308,800	312,700	309,400	323,300	308,400	322,600	324,800	347,300
H	Transportation and storage	71,800	71,000	80,900	84,100	83,400	84,900	92,200	89,400	98,900
I	Accommodation and food services	158,000	178,000	177,700	182,700	131,200	165,300	175,100	189,700	189,800
J	Information and communication	68,400	71,100	71,900	78,500	86,400	105,800	104,300	111,600	103,300
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	94,200	90,600	91,700	98,500	103,300	115,600	115,500	113,200	113,700
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	96,500	92,100	94,400	99,300	102,000	126,200	120,600	132,700	137,200
N	Administrative and support services	81,600	88,800	107,300	107,600	77,900	92,800	107,400	105,200	101,700
O	Public administration and defence	112,500	122,900	130,700	141,600	148,200	161,500	166,500	162,000	169,100
P	Education	144,900	153,000	165,000	177,200	181,000	194,600	188,700	200,800	211,100
Q	Human health and social work	237,400	240,500	248,300	251,800	247,200	274,200	287,000	301,200	303,600
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	54,500	55,800	54,800	54,700	45,400	52,700	52,100	54,500	56,400
All Sectors		1,734,600	1,795,300	1,868,100	1,931,200	1,878,200	2,059,400	2,121,300	2,179,400	2,213,400
Public/Private Sector²
Private sector		1,348,200	1,399,300	1,464,900	1,519,200	1,463,100	1,633,200	1,674,200	1,736,700	1,764,700
Public sector		386,300	396,000	403,300	412,000	415,000	426,200	447,200	442,700	448,700
¹ It should be noted that the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is the official source of estimates of employment.
² For additional Public/Private data see PxStat table EHQ08.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 Table 7a (XLS 12KB)

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Table 7b Job vacancies by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 7c Job vacancy rate by economic sector and other characteristics and quarter

Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8b Average hourly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8c Average weekly paid hours by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8d Average hourly earnings excluding irregular earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data

Table A3 Preliminary data versus final data¹
		Preliminary Q3 2023			Final Q3 2023			Percentage Change
NACE Principal Activity		Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours	Average weekly earnings	Average hourly earnings	Average weekly hours
B-E	Industry	1,024.79	26.81	38.2	1,024.42	26.82	38.2	-0.0	0.0	0.0
F	Construction	928.02	25.25	36.8	930.91	25.44	36.6	0.3	0.8	-0.5
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	676.52	21.83	31.0	676.44	21.81	31.0	-0.0	-0.1	0.0
H	Transportation and storage	850.71	23.15	36.7	846.01	23.21	36.5	-0.6	0.3	-0.5
I	Accommodation and food services	440.23	16.24	27.1	428.39	15.88	27.0	-2.7	-2.2	-0.4
J	Information and communication	1,525.19	40.81	37.4	1,524.47	40.79	37.4	-0.0	-0.0	0.0
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	1,244.44	36.10	34.5	1,244.44	36.10	34.5	0.0	0.0	0.0
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	1,107.11	32.48	34.1	1,107.53	32.49	34.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
N	Administrative and support services	701.94	22.51	31.2	701.94	22.51	31.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
O	Public administration and defence	1,098.50	30.17	36.4	1,089.25	30.17	36.1	-0.8	0.0	-0.8
P	Education	987.29	42.32	23.3	981.67	42.43	23.1	-0.6	0.3	-0.9
Q	Human health and social work	885.07	27.47	32.2	885.07	27.47	32.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	623.04	21.60	28.8	626.31	21.56	29.1	0.5	-0.2	1.0
Total		907.72	27.82	32.6	905.68	27.80	32.6	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Public/Private Sector
Private sector		843.40	25.85	32.6	842.52	25.84	32.6	-0.1	-0.0	0.0
Public sector		1,125.92	34.49	32.6	1,120.58	34.51	32.5	-0.5	0.1	-0.3
Size of Enterprise
Less than 50 employees		734.76	23.83	30.8	740.81	23.98	30.9	0.8	0.6	0.3
50-250 employees		826.13	25.05	33.0	812.21	24.80	32.8	-1.7	-1.0	-0.6
Greater than 250 employees		1,042.15	31.04	33.6	1,037.14	30.97	33.5	-0.5	-0.2	-0.3
¹See background notes.

Open in Excel: Earnings and Labour Costs Q4 2023 Table A3 (XLS 13KB)

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Table 8a Average weekly earnings by public sector sub-sector and quarter - Preliminary estimates
Public sector sub-sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change		Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Quarterly change		Annual change
	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	%	€	%
Civil service	946.04	958.02	986.31	1,003.67	1,095.19	1,058.38	1,098.15	39.77	3.8	2.96	0.3
Defence	857.96	916.88	938.59	946.03	942.00	929.74	944.63	14.89	1.6	2.63	0.3
Garda Siochana	1,232.53	1,253.95	1,344.75	1,319.62	1,512.46	1,579.28	1,471.40	-107.88	-6.8	-41.06	-2.7
Education	994.29	1,017.57	1,038.59	1,045.56	1,159.40	1,137.73	1,116.30	-21.43	-1.9	-43.10	-3.7
Regional bodies	843.62	876.04	900.62	881.73	1,004.50	944.51	1,008.34	63.83	6.8	3.84	0.4
Health	910.32	963.06	1,003.80	999.14	1,102.69	1,129.06	1,106.47	-22.59	-2.0	3.78	0.3
Semi-state	1,034.48	1,031.68	1,049.25	1,064.72	1,177.20	1,157.14	1,135.12	-22.02	-1.9	-42.08	-3.6
Total public sector	961.67	991.07	1,021.22	1,023.36	1,129.98	1,120.58	1,112.29	-8.29	-0.7	-17.69	-1.6
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	950.40	984.86	1,016.76	1,017.42	1,122.81	1,114.94	1,108.84	-6.10	-0.5	-13.97	-1.2
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	999.01	1,036.03	1,040.69	1,055.52	1,191.28	1,134.32	1,148.77	14.45	1.3	-42.51	-3.6
Commercial Semi-state bodies	1,049.15	1,029.72	1,052.96	1,069.19	1,170.64	1,167.53	1,128.92	-38.61	-3.3	-41.72	-3.6

Table 8e Public sector employment by sub-sector and quarter¹ - Preliminary estimates
Public sector sub-sector	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023	Annual change
Public sector sub-sector	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q4	Q3	Q4	Annual change
									%
Civil service	41,900	44,400	45,200	44,800	45,300	45,800	46,700	1,400	3.1
Defence	9,300	9,100	9,000	8,900	9,300	9,700	9,900	600	6.5
Garda Siochana	14,400	14,700	14,600	14,600	14,200	14,300	14,400	200	1.4
Education	114,000	115,300	112,000	113,300	111,300	110,200	113,600	2,300	2.1
Regional bodies	34,200	34,900	34,900	35,300	35,600	37,700	37,300	1,700	4.8
Health	134,000	137,500	142,200	152,300	171,900	163,200	164,300	- 7,600	-4.4
Semi-state	55,500	56,200	57,200	57,000	59,500	61,800	62,500	3,000	5.0
Total public sector	403,300	412,000	415,000	426,200	447,200	442,700	448,700	1,500	0.3
Total public sector excluding semi-state bodies	347,800	355,700	357,800	369,200	387,700	380,900	386,200	- 1,500	-0.4
Semi-state by sub-sector
Non Commercial Semi-state bodies	13,800	14,600	15,100	16,300	15,700	16,500	16,600	900	5.7
Commercial Semi-state bodies	41,600	41,600	42,100	40,600	43,800	45,300	45,800	2,000	4.6
¹ Source: Earnings, Hours and Employment Costs Survey. Public Sector employment includes all those who received a payment which would include both full-time and part-time employees as well as contract workers. Total public sector numbers are also published by the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform on a quarterly basis. Those differ in coverage from the estimates in the above table as Department of Public Expenditure and Reform estimates are based on full-time equivalents which will change over time based on both changes in working hours and number of persons employed.

Table A1 Estimates of average weekly earnings by broad occupational categories¹
	2021	2022	2023	2023	Quarterly change	Annual change
Occupation by NACE groups	Q3	Q3	Q2	Q3	Quarterly change	Annual change
	€	€	€	€	%	%
Managers, professionals and associated professionals
B-E	1,630.00	1,672.45	1,731.45	1,734.82	0.2	3.7
B-N, R-S	1,466.82	1,535.91	1,585.30	1,576.41	-0.6	2.6
O-Q	1,329.86	1,338.88	1,384.86	1,438.71	3.9	7.5
Total (B-S)	1,380.65	1,420.06	1,467.38	1,489.70	1.5	4.9
Clerical, sales and service employees
B-E	907.85	946.28	964.96	983.87	2.0	4.0
B-N, R-S	620.33	651.82	660.86	668.33	1.1	2.5
O-Q	643.65	657.81	696.20	699.38	0.5	6.3
Total (B-S)	617.40	642.51	661.60	667.86	0.9	3.9
Production, transport, craft and other manual workers
B-E	804.23	831.32	856.49	868.32	1.4	4.5
B-N, R-S	687.39	704.02	731.19	725.45	-0.8	3.0
O-Q	552.30	575.39	627.94	655.49	4.4	13.9
Total (B-S)	648.07	665.55	697.02	696.97	-0.0	4.7
¹ These estimates have been generated using a sub sample of EHECS respondents therefore caution is advised when interpreting these results. See background notes.

Table A2 Response rates in selected sectors by quarter¹
		Employer Response Rate %				Respondent Enterprises	Respondent Enterprises	Employee Response Rate %
NACE Principal Activity		Final Q3 2022	Preliminary Q3 2023	Final Q3 2023	Preliminary Q4 2023	Final Q3 2023	Preliminary Q4 2023	Final Q3 2022	Preliminary Q3 2023	Final Q3 2023	Preliminary Q4 2023
B-E	Industry	56.0	51.5	60.6	49.0	685	521	73.5	63.6	77.3	65.1
F	Construction	38.9	34.8	40.9	36.4	151	127	46.6	39.9	53.5	44.7
G	Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	49.4	42.1	46.4	42.3	577	510	71.0	58.8	69.3	55.3
H	Transportation and storage	46.4	38.7	50.4	38.8	133	97	77.0	64.4	80.7	64.3
I	Accommodation and food services	49.8	41.1	46.2	39.2	422	346	62.9	55.1	62.0	51.7
J	Information and communication	60.2	52.0	63.3	50.3	309	231	80.5	67.1	81.5	69.8
K-L	Financial, insurance and real estate	63.4	57.3	63.8	54.2	254	207	85.0	74.9	86.1	68.3
M	Professional, scientific and technical activities	54.8	44.9	54.9	43.4	298	223	73.9	53.9	68.2	58.7
N	Administrative and support services	53.8	43.2	49.5	41.5	272	217	65.9	60.1	69.9	52.8
O	Public administration and defence	86.4	83.5	90.1	85.3	127	116	93.5	94.3	96.5	95.2
P	Education	64.3	56.5	61.8	55.4	126	108	90.2	84.4	91.3	86.8
Q	Human health and social work	66.2	52.1	58.9	45.8	473	358	75.8	60.0	69.4	56.3
R-S	Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities	57.8	59.1	63.6	49.6	196	140	71.1	68.4	73.4	57.6
Total		55.2	47.8	54.7	45.6	4,023	3,201	77.1	67.8	77.5	66.6
¹This table presents the response rates achieved by sector. Greater caution should be taken in the interpretation of estimates for sectors with lower response rates as these sectors could be subject to greater revisions if response levels are increased for final estimates.

Earnings and Labour Costs Q3 2023 (Final) Q4 2023 (Preliminary Estimates)