Background Notes

Introduction

Three sets of estimates are prepared in each 12-month period. The first or Advance estimate is generally released in early December of the reference year. This is based on the data available at the time, which is not fully complete. The Advance estimate is updated in March of the following year when the Preliminary estimate is published. This incorporates all additional up-to-date information that has become available by that time. In June, the Final estimate of the agricultural accounts is prepared based on the complete set of data. The methodology used for producing accounts for agriculture is based on the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). For details of methodology and description of data sources please refer to the release's Methodology page. 

Producer price

This is the price received by the farmer for agricultural produce. It is sometimes referred to as the farm-gate or ex-farm price. It excludes VAT.

Basic price

The basic price corresponds to the producer price plus any subsidies directly linked to a product minus any taxes on products. VAT is excluded.

Goods output at producer prices

This is the total output of goods produced and sold by the agricultural sector during the year valued at producer prices. It does not include the value of services provided, i.e. contract work.

Contract work

Activities performed by agricultural contractors directly linked to the production of agricultural products (for example harvesting) are an integral part of agriculture. The value of such work is included both as an output and as intermediate consumption. Estimates of the input costs incurred by agricultural contractors in the provision of agricultural services are included under the appropriate intermediate consumption categories, as well as in the compensation of employees’ figure.

Subsidies and taxes on products

Subsidies and taxes on agricultural products are those paid or levied per unit of a good or service produced or exported. An example of subsidies on product is the Beef Data & Genomics Programme (BDGP). The Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) Eradication Scheme levy is an example of a tax on products. 

Agricultural output at basic prices

This is the sum of goods output at producer prices plus the value of services provided (contract work) plus subsidies less taxes on products.

Intermediate consumption

This is the value of all goods and services used as inputs in the production process excluding fixed assets (capital goods), whose consumption is recorded as fixed capital consumption (depreciation). Intermediate consumption excludes the cost of acquiring new or existing fixed assets, e.g. tractors, agricultural machinery etc. They are recorded as gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). Intermediate consumption includes expenditure on contract work and forage plants, even if consumed within the same agricultural holding.

Forage plants

The production of forage plants is valued as part of output. Silage and hay are the main items in this category. Direct sales of cereals between farms and use of cereals within farms are also included under forage plants. These items are also treated as intermediate consumption with minor exceptions, such as sales of straw to racing stables. 

FISIM

Financial intermediaries (mainly banks) charge explicit commissions and fees for their services to customers, as well as implicit ones by paying and charging different rates of interest to borrowers and lenders. The revenue from the margin on lending and borrowing by financial intermediaries is described as Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM). The inclusion of FISIM in the table is in line with recommended EU national accounting conventions. It is a reallocation to intermediate consumption of part of the interest paid by farmers. While the inclusion of FISIM will increase intermediate consumption and decrease gross value added, it will decrease, by the same amount, the figure shown for interest paid.

Gross value added at basic prices

This is the difference between the output at basic prices and intermediate consumption. It is a measure of gross income before depreciation, subsidies and taxes on production and compensation of employees.

Fixed capital consumption

This relates to the foreseeable wear and tear and obsolescence of fixed capital goods. It is calculated on the basis of the probable economic life of the asset. It is not calculated for breeding livestock or for non-produced assets such as land.

Net value added at basic prices

Net value added is calculated by subtracting expenditure on fixed capital consumption (depreciation) from gross value added.

Other subsidies and taxes on production

Other subsidies on production are subsidies other than those on products. Examples are the Basic Payment Scheme, the Areas of Natural Constraints scheme and GLAS. Subsidies on production also include any VAT over compensation that may arise under the flat rate farmers’ scheme. Taxes on production consist of motor and machinery tax paid by farmers. If the operation of the farmers’ flat rate scheme results in an under compensation of VAT, this is also included as a ‘tax on production’. Other subsidies less taxes on production are not included in the calculation of output but are included in the calculation of factor income and operating surplus.

Factor income

Factor income is a sum of net value added plus other subsidies on production less taxes on production. It is sometimes referred to as 'value added at factor cost'.

Compensation of employees

This includes remuneration in cash and in kind. It does not include the remuneration of work undertaken by the farm owner or by non-salaried family members.

Operating surplus

The operating surplus is calculated by subtracting compensation of employees from factor income. The figure is comprised of the operating surplus earned by farmers and that earned by agricultural contractors. It is an estimate of income before deductions for interest payments on borrowed capital, land annuities and rent paid by farmers to landowners for the use of their land.

Entrepreneurial income

Entrepreneurial income is comprised of operating surplus less interest payments on borrowed capital and land rental paid by farmers to landowners.

Net subsidies

Net subsidies is the combined value of subsidies less taxes on products plus other subsidies less taxes on production.

Valuation of stock changes

For each category, the difference between closing year stocks and opening year stocks is valued at the average producer price for the year.

Volume indices

To calculate the volume indices all items of output and input are valued at constant base year prices, i.e. by applying base year prices to current year quantities. The volume index for 2021 may then be calculated by comparing the value in 2021 at average 2015 prices to the value in 2015 at average 2015 prices. Volume indices allow one to estimate the changes in production and expenditure, as if the prices did not change since the base year. This separates the effects of volume and price changes on output, input and income. 

Revisions

Any revisions to previous years’ estimates are only made as part of the production process for the Final estimate release. When preparing the final estimates for the current year’s release (year T), routine revisions are made to the final estimates for the two previous years also (i.e. years T-1 and T-2). These revisions to previously published final estimates tend to be minor. For further details on the revisions policy, please refer to the release's Quality Report. 

Rounding 

Individual figures have been rounded independently and the sum of component items therefore may not necessarily add to the totals shown. 

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