General government revenue has rebounded strongly and is well in excess of the pre-pandemic level. The rise in revenue is largely due to increases in taxes and social contributions which make up 94% of total revenues.
The recovery in the labour market and increased corporate profitability were driving factors behind the €13.3 billion increase in tax revenue during 2022. Comparing 2022 with 2021, direct taxes accounted for €11.0 billion of the increase. Taxes on income, profits and capital gains were double the level seen in 2016. Indirect taxes, which includes VAT, also showed growth in 2022 of €2.2 billion. Social contributions, mainly PRSI, were €19.8 billion in the year, an increase of €2.8 billion.
Expenditure in 2022 increased by a more modest €1.8 billion compared with 2021. However, direct comparisons are complicated by one-off/temporary factors affecting both years. There were significant fiscal supports during 2021 in regards to COVID-19 - an estimated €12.5 billion – which were largely absent from 2022 as schemes closed (approximately €1.0 billion was spent on the Pandemic Unemployment Payment and Employment Wage Subsidy Scheme in the first half of 2022). However temporary supports related to Ukrainian refugees and cost of living supports were at play in 2022.
Accordingly, subsidies were on a downward trajectory over the course of the year, with an annual decrease of €3.9 billion, while social benefits remained at a similar level to 2021. There was a decrease in social benefits in cash of €1.0 billion. The level of decrease due to the cessation of the Pandemic Unemployment Payment was offset by the additional cost of living social welfare measures made throughout 2022. Social benefits in kind, which includes supports for Ukrainian refugees, saw an increase of €0.9 billion.
Total Revenue | Total Expenditure | |
2017 | 25.9 | 26.2 |
2018 | 25.5 | 25.3 |
2019 | 24.7 | 24.3 |
2020 | 22.3 | 27.3 |
2021 | 23.2 | 24.8 |
2022 | 23 | 21.9 |
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