In this chapter we look at FDI wage and employment figures by gender. In Table 5.1 we can see that female employment is greater as a percentage share of total employment in domestic firms. The CSO Labour Force Survey indicates that the proportion of female employment economy wide is 45.1%.
Table 5.1 Percentage Female Labour | % |
Percentage of female employment in FDI firms | 42.5 |
Percentage of female employment in Irish firms | 48.7 |
Figure 5.1 illustrates the differences in female labour between Irish firms and FDI firms. The figure shows relatively lower percentages of female labour in the information and communications sector as well as manufacturing. The only two sectors with higher female participation are FDI retail firms and Irish financial and insurance activities firms.
FDI Firms (% female employment) | Domestic Firms (% female employment) | |
Manufacturing | 31.95 | 27.83 |
Retail | 55.29 | 48.43 |
Information andCommunications | 35.32 | 35.06 |
Financial andInsurance Activites | 47.48 | 51.3 |
Scientific andTechnical Activities | 39.45 | 47.55 |
Admin andSupport Services | 42.99 | 42.32 |
Figure 5.2 shows male and female labour in firms that are recipients of FDI from Ireland’s three principal investors (United States, United Kingdom and Germany). UK firms are more likely to employ women as seen in the figure below; as a great deal of firms that receive FDI from the UK are retailers (as seen in Figure 3.4), this result is indicative of the Figure 5.1 which shows FDI retailers to have high female employment.
% Male | % Female | |
United States | 59.62284 | 40.38 |
United Kingdom | 50.25544 | 49.74 |
Germany | 60.99615 | 39 |
In Figure 5.3 the percentages of female employment in firms that are recipients of FDI from Ireland’s three principal investors (United States, United Kingdom and Germany) are shown by sector.
United States | United Kindom | Germany | |
Manufacturing | 34.63 | 27.54 | 27.29 |
Retail | 53.19 | 60.72 | 44.62 |
Information andCommunications | 37.29 | 34.55 | 35.64 |
Financial andInsurance Activites | 48.68 | 53.62 | 46.58 |
Scientific andTechnical Activities | 40.14 | 35.02 | 18.5 |
Admin andSupport Services | 42.77 | 32.17 | 66.9 |
Table 5.2 lists the average wage of workers in FDI receiving firms by gender across various sectors in the Irish economy. In each sector the average male wage is higher than the average female wage.
Table 5.2 Average Wages by Sector and Gender | € | |
Sector | Average Male FDI Wage | Average Female FDI Wage |
Manufacturing | 59,000 | 48,000 |
Retail | 46,000 | 29,000 |
Information and Communications | 80,000 | 67,000 |
Financial and Insurance Activities | 73,000 | 50,000 |
Scientific and Technical Activities | 72,000 | 50,000 |
Admin and Support Services | 44,000 | 30,000 |
Figure 5.4 shows the difference (male wages minus female wages) between wages across various sectors in the Irish economy for both Irish firms and FDI receiving firms. Across all sectors, for both Irish and FDI firms, male wages are higher as illustrated by all the bars being positive. The sector with the highest disparity in pay is the financial and insurance activities sector. In this sector Irish firms have an even greater difference in pay by gender than FDI receiving firms; this is despite the fact that over 50% of the employees in this sector (for Irish firms) are women, as seen in Figure 5.1.
Wage Difference FDI Firms | Wage Difference Domestic Firms | |
Manufacturing | 11.3446143205604 | 8.39868033647448 |
Retail | 17.1437962892833 | 12.4325511466301 |
Information andCommunications | 12.9254567551585 | 15.9264159615736 |
Financial andInsurance Activites | 23.6917165389505 | 24.6879478758954 |
Scientific andTechnical Activities | 21.6501334278568 | 19.810069839939 |
Admin andSupport Services | 14.5026096179885 | 11.7480797488361 |
Figure 5.5 shows the wage differences in firms that are recipients of FDI from Ireland’s three principal investors and by sector. As illustrated, the differences are all positive indicating that male wages are higher across all the sectors and for all the countries described.
United States | United Kingdom | Germany | |
Manufacturing | 13.304928535183 | 8.9571190880647 | 13.3029152170857 |
Retail | 29.2178165489016 | 9.39876140502865 | 9.33530314807958 |
Information andCommunications | 15.8051620574484 | 12.2515951544612 | 9.57935197340135 |
Financial andInsurance Activites | 22.736063108129 | 24.7955580373131 | 17.5647291792544 |
Scientific andTechnical Activities | 28.3840995764152 | 12.6638933094053 | 2.8198982869379 |
Admin andSupport Services | 14.4225100571081 | 6.91922179375852 | 17.3251376096491 |
Figure 5.6 illustrates wage growth for men and women across sectors. With the exception of the retail and financial and insurance activities, average female wages are growing at a faster rate than average male pay in FDI firms.
Male (% Wage Growth) | Female (% Wage Growth) | |
Manufacturing | 6.85 | 12.75 |
Retail | 11.7 | 9.84 |
Information andCommunications | 20.22 | 24 |
Financial andInsurance Activites | 4.84 | 4.42 |
Scientific andTechnical Activities | 14.32 | 16.3 |
Admin andSupport Services | 18.02 | 24.43 |
The disparities in female to male employment as evidenced by the above graphs and table is widened at the senior executive and CEO level as seen in the CSO’s Gender Balance in Business Survey.
Next Chapter >> Greenfield FDI
Learn about our data and confidentiality safeguards, and the steps we take to produce statistics that can be trusted by all.