| Year | Average Annual Earnings | Average Annual Other Labour Costs | Average Annual Total Labour Costs |
| € | € | € | |
| 2012 | 36,079 | 5,582 | 41,661 |
| 2013 | 35,830 | 5,603 | 41,433 |
| Annual change % | -0.7 | +0.4 | -0.5 |
Average annual earnings fell to €35,830 in 2013 from €36,079 in 2012, a decrease of 0.7% (- €249). This compares with an increase of 0.5% (+€174) between 2011 and 2012, when the 2011 value was €35,905. See table 1 and graph opposite.
Other features of the annual results for the year 2013 include:
Average annual earnings rise in 7 of the 13 sectors
Across the economic sectors, average annual earnings rose in 7 of the 13 sectors in the year to 2013 with the largest percentage increase in the Arts, entertainment, recreation and other services sector (+4.5%) from €24,071 to €25,158. The largest sectoral percentage decrease was recorded in the Human health and social work sector where values fell from €36,737 to €35,763 (-2.7%). See table 1 and graph above.
The range of percentage change in average annual earnings across the sectors over the four years to 2013 has varied from +10.0%, in the Information and communication sector, to -9.7% in the Human health and social work sector. See table 1 and graph below.
| 4 Year % change | |
| J | 9.95835146391497 |
| G | 4.85571373605234 |
| K-L | 4.06474382377997 |
| R-S | 2.05671169526591 |
| B-E | 2.02646122927483 |
| H | 0.282471099021819 |
| M | -0.0260170293282846 |
| N | -0.87634262670131 |
| O | -6.4482377787681 |
| F | -7.18585884462661 |
| P | -7.92366280076164 |
| I | -8.61805201427843 |
| Q | -9.66430068958549 |
| Total | All Sectors |
| B-E | Industry |
| F | Construction |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade;repair of motor vehicles and motorcyles |
| H | Transportation and storage |
| I | Accommodation and food services |
| J | Information and communication |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical |
| N | Administrative and support services |
| O | Public administration and defence |
| P | Education |
| Q | Human health and social work |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities |
|
It should be noted that earnings are gross amounts before deductions for PRSI, tax and other levies such as the pension levy in the public sector introduced in March 2009. Estimated averages do not reflect differences in characteristics of the job or the employees, and since EHECS collects aggregate data from each enterprise it is not possible to correct for such differences using EHECS data. |
Average annual other labour costs rise by 0.4% in 2013
Average annual other labour costs were up by 0.4% in 2013 when compared to 2012, with values of €5,603 and €5,582 respectively. Results showed that the largest annual percentage increase was in the Information and communication sector where average annual other labour costs of €14,140 were up 29.6% on the 2012 value of €10,912. The largest percentage decrease was recorded in the Transportation and storage sector which fell 9.0% from €7,951 to €7,232 over the same period. See table 2.
Average annual total labour costs up in 7 of 13 sectors in 2013
Average annual total labour costs increased in 7 of the 13 economic sectors in 2013. The greatest percentage rise was seen in the Information and communication sector increasing 6.8% from €62,946 to €67,208 in the year. The Human health and social work sector experienced a 2.8% decrease in its average annual total labour costs, falling from €40,525 to €39,410.
Over the period 2009 to 2013 average annual total labour costs fell in 8 of the 13 sectors. The Information and communication sector saw the largest percentage rise over the period, increasing 14.7% from €58,594 to €67,208. The greatest decrease in average annual total labour cost over the four year period was seen in the Construction sector which fell 11.9% from €46,267 to €40,756.
Further analysing the period 2009 to 2013, average annual total labour costs in 9 of the 13 sectors decreased each year from 2009 to 2011, and increased from 2011 to 2013. Three sectors (Accommodation and food services, Education and Human health and social work) recorded falls from 2009 to 2011 and from 2011 to 2013. The average annual total labour costs of the Information and communication sector increased each year from 2009 to 2013. See table 3 and graph below.
| X Axis Label | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|
| B-E | 51620 | 49977 | 52019 |
| F | 46267 | 40088 | 40756 |
| G | 30161 | 30064 | 31343 |
| H | 45767 | 43494 | 45574 |
| I | 19700 | 18490 | 17605 |
| J | 58594 | 59702 | 67208 |
| K-L | 63558 | 62401 | 64743 |
| M | 49932 | 46074 | 49347 |
| N | 29625 | 28271 | 29185 |
| O | 55386 | 50134 | 52094 |
| P | 49922 | 48178 | 46816 |
| Q | 44081 | 40543 | 39410 |
| R-S | 28353 | 26523 | 29013 |
| Total | 42804 | 40775 | 41433 |
Total annual earnings up €0.8 billion in 2013
Total annual earnings of €56.1 billion were up 1.4% in the year to 2013 from €55.3 billion in 2012, a rise of €0.8 billion. Increases were seen in 8 of the 13 economic sectors in 2013, with the largest percentage increase in the Accommodation and food services sector, which rose 10.1% from €2.1 billion to €2.3 billion. The largest percentage decrease in total annual earnings was in the Public administration and defence sector, which decreased 3.5% from €5.4 billion to €5.2 billion. See table 4.
Increase of 2.5% in total annual other labour costs
Total annual other labour costs showed an increase from €8.6 billion to €8.8 billion representing an increase of 2.5% in the year to 2013. Across the economic sectors total annual other labour costs increased in 7 of the 13 sectors in the year, with the largest percentage increase recorded in the Information and communication sector (+31.1%) rising from €0.6 billion to €0.8 billion. The largest percentage sectoral decrease of 10.0% was recorded in the Transportation and storage sector. See table 5.
Total annual labour costs up 1.6% in 2013
There was a rise of 1.6% in the total wage bill in the year to 2013 when the total annual labour costs rose by €1.0 billion from €63.9 billion in 2012 to €64.9 billion in 2013. Total annual labour costs were €68.9 billion in 2009, this figure fell 9.5% to €62.3 billion in 2011, before rising 4.1% to €64.9 billion in 2013, representing a decrease of 5.8% over the five year period. See table 6a.
| X Axis Label | 2009 | 2013 |
|---|---|---|
| B-E | 15.7206229024654 | 15.9653040060035 |
| F | 6.551711123756 | 3.71846256497024 |
| G | 12.6197554376227 | 13.5714406788802 |
| H | 4.28768014120981 | 4.37983761485844 |
| I | 3.64825868335791 | 3.81338498592344 |
| J | 4.65754299583106 | 5.9596179064367 |
| K-L | 8.79121038635282 | 8.67384440427706 |
| M | 5.34544726115685 | 5.8868851423297 |
| N | 3.79631995169138 | 3.98812853358728 |
| O | 9.63820793608398 | 8.67384440427706 |
| P | 9.48114686516554 | 9.5635880058741 |
| Q | 13.4687852008408 | 13.6919428431422 |
| R-S | 1.99331111446588 | 2.11387300427921 |
The Industry sector had the largest proportion of total annual labour costs in the economy over the period 2009 to 2013, accounting for 15.7% of total annual labour costs in 2009 and rising to 16.0% in 2013. The Construction sector’s proportion of total annual labour costs decreased the most over the period falling from 6.6% in 2009 to 3.7% in 2013. The Information and communication sector increased it's proportion of total annual labour costs by 1.3% in the 4 year period, increasing from 4.7% in 2009 to 6.0% in 2013. See table 6b and graph above.
Percentage distribution of total annual labour costs.
Regular earnings, as a percentage of total annual labour costs, remained virtually unchanged in 2009 and 2013 at 80.0% and 80.1% respectively. Other labour costs stood at 13.5% in 2013 compared with 13.9% in 2009. Overtime earnings accounted for 2.3% of earnings in 2009 and 2.2% in 2013, while irregular earnings increased from 3.8% to 4.2% in the years 2009 and 2013. See table 7.
|
Additional information on average annual overtime, average annual irregular earnings, total annual overtime, total irregular earnings, etc. are set out on the CSO Statbank. See link above. |
| Table 1 Average annual earnings by economic sector 1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| € | € | € | € | € | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 41,797 | 42,196 | 41,832 | 42,750 | 42,644 | +2.0 | +1.1 | +1.9 | -0.2 |
| F | Construction | 39,035 | 37,150 | 35,611 | 35,493 | 36,230 | -7.2 | -2.5 | +1.7 | +2.1 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 25,990 | 26,097 | 26,352 | 26,917 | 27,252 | +4.9 | +4.4 | +3.4 | +1.2 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 38,234 | 36,686 | 37,049 | 37,645 | 38,342 | +0.3 | +4.5 | +3.5 | +1.9 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 17,649 | 16,949 | 16,910 | 16,319 | 16,128 | -8.6 | -4.8 | -4.6 | -1.2 |
| J | Information and communication | 48,261 | 49,068 | 49,768 | 52,035 | 53,067 | +10.0 | +8.1 | +6.6 | +2.0 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 49,302 | 51,342 | 50,985 | 51,389 | 51,306 | +4.1 | -0.1 | +0.6 | -0.2 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 42,280 | 41,597 | 39,886 | 41,972 | 42,269 | - | +1.6 | +6.0 | +0.7 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 25,789 | 24,945 | 25,303 | 25,737 | 25,563 | -0.9 | +2.5 | +1.0 | -0.7 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 51,611 | 48,755 | 47,060 | 48,118 | 48,283 | -6.4 | -1.0 | +2.6 | +0.3 |
| P | Education | 46,216 | 43,868 | 44,606 | 43,664 | 42,554 | -7.9 | -3.0 | -4.6 | -2.5 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 39,589 | 37,909 | 37,277 | 36,737 | 35,763 | -9.7 | -5.7 | -4.1 | -2.7 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 24,651 | 25,043 | 23,404 | 24,071 | 25,158 | +2.1 | +0.5 | +7.5 | +4.5 |
| Total | 36,835 | 36,117 | 35,905 | 36,079 | 35,830 | -2.7 | -0.8 | -0.2 | -0.7 | |
| 1 Average annual earnings are inclusive of overtime and irregular earnings. | ||||||||||
| Table 2 Average annual other labour costs by economic sector 1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| € | € | € | € | € | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 9,823 | 8,608 | 8,145 | 9,639 | 9,375 | -4.6 | +8.9 | +15.1 | -2.7 |
| F | Construction | 7,232 | 5,375 | 4,477 | 4,522 | 4,526 | -37.4 | -15.8 | +1.1 | +0.1 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 4,171 | 3,864 | 3,712 | 4,265 | 4,091 | -1.9 | +5.9 | +10.2 | -4.1 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 7,532 | 6,632 | 6,445 | 7,951 | 7,232 | -4.0 | +9.0 | +12.2 | -9.0 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 2,051 | 1,715 | 1,580 | 1,494 | 1,477 | -28.0 | -13.9 | -6.5 | -1.1 |
| J | Information and communication | 10,333 | 9,920 | 9,933 | 10,912 | 14,140 | +36.8 | +42.5 | +42.4 | +29.6 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 14,256 | 12,612 | 11,416 | 13,262 | 13,437 | -5.7 | +6.5 | +17.7 | +1.3 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 7,652 | 6,371 | 6,188 | 6,885 | 7,078 | -7.5 | +11.1 | +14.4 | +2.8 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 3,837 | 3,229 | 2,968 | 3,543 | 3,623 | -5.6 | +12.2 | +22.1 | +2.3 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 3,776 | 3,183 | 3,074 | 3,685 | 3,811 | +0.9 | +19.7 | +24.0 | +3.4 |
| P | Education | 3,705 | 3,320 | 3,572 | 4,304 | 4,262 | +15.0 | +28.4 | +19.3 | -1.0 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 4,492 | 3,612 | 3,266 | 3,789 | 3,647 | -18.8 | +1.0 | +11.7 | -3.7 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 3,702 | 3,072 | 3,119 | 3,390 | 3,855 | +4.1 | +25.5 | +23.6 | +13.7 |
| Total | 5,968 | 5,110 | 4,870 | 5,582 | 5,603 | -6.1 | +9.6 | +15.1 | +0.4 | |
| 1 Other labour costs include Statutory employers' PRSI, other social costs, Benefits in kind, etc. | ||||||||||
| Table 3 Average annual total labour costs by economic sector 1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| € | € | € | € | € | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 51,620 | 50,803 | 49,977 | 52,389 | 52,019 | +0.8 | +2.4 | +4.1 | -0.7 |
| F | Construction | 46,267 | 42,525 | 40,088 | 40,015 | 40,756 | -11.9 | -4.2 | +1.7 | +1.9 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 30,161 | 29,962 | 30,064 | 31,182 | 31,343 | +3.9 | +4.6 | +4.3 | +0.5 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 45,767 | 43,318 | 43,494 | 45,595 | 45,574 | -0.4 | +5.2 | +4.8 | - |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 19,700 | 18,664 | 18,490 | 17,813 | 17,605 | -10.6 | -5.7 | -4.8 | -1.2 |
| J | Information and communication | 58,594 | 58,988 | 59,702 | 62,946 | 67,208 | +14.7 | +13.9 | +12.6 | +6.8 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 63,558 | 63,954 | 62,401 | 64,651 | 64,743 | +1.9 | +1.2 | +3.8 | +0.1 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 49,932 | 47,968 | 46,074 | 48,858 | 49,347 | -1.2 | +2.9 | +7.1 | +1.0 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 29,625 | 28,174 | 28,271 | 29,280 | 29,185 | -1.5 | +3.6 | +3.2 | -0.3 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 55,386 | 51,938 | 50,134 | 51,803 | 52,094 | -5.9 | +0.3 | +3.9 | +0.6 |
| P | Education | 49,922 | 47,187 | 48,178 | 47,969 | 46,816 | -6.2 | -0.8 | -2.8 | -2.4 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 44,081 | 41,521 | 40,543 | 40,525 | 39,410 | -10.6 | -5.1 | -2.8 | -2.8 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 28,353 | 28,115 | 26,523 | 27,461 | 29,013 | +2.3 | +3.2 | +9.4 | +5.7 |
| Total | 42,804 | 41,226 | 40,775 | 41,661 | 41,433 | -3.2 | +0.5 | +1.6 | -0.5 | |
| 1 The average annual total labour costs is the sum of the average annual earnings on Table 1 and average annual other labour costs on Table 2. | ||||||||||
| Table 4 Total annual earnings by economic sector 1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 8,769.1 | 8,476.2 | 8,276.8 | 8,223.5 | 8,493.5 | -3.1 | +0.2 | +2.6 | +3.3 |
| F | Construction | 3,808.0 | 2,523.2 | 2,369.4 | 2,156.3 | 2,145.2 | -43.7 | -15.0 | -9.5 | -0.5 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 7,491.5 | 7,197.7 | 7,286.5 | 7,509.5 | 7,657.6 | +2.2 | +6.4 | +5.1 | +2.0 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 2,467.7 | 2,384.0 | 2,432.1 | 2,371.9 | 2,391.3 | -3.1 | +0.3 | -1.7 | +0.8 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 2,251.7 | 2,143.4 | 1,981.9 | 2,058.9 | 2,267.1 | +0.7 | +5.8 | +14.4 | +10.1 |
| J | Information and communication | 2,642.8 | 2,565.5 | 2,615.0 | 2,959.3 | 3,053.8 | +15.6 | +19.0 | +16.8 | +3.2 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 4,697.9 | 4,575.7 | 4,536.9 | 4,524.9 | 4,460.6 | -5.1 | -2.5 | -1.7 | -1.4 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 3,118.1 | 2,874.6 | 2,838.4 | 2,978.5 | 3,272.3 | +4.9 | +13.8 | +15.3 | +9.9 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 2,276.6 | 2,186.2 | 1,988.7 | 2,177.6 | 2,266.8 | -0.4 | +3.7 | +14.0 | +4.1 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 6,187.2 | 5,774.0 | 5,369.3 | 5,407.2 | 5,217.1 | -15.7 | -9.6 | -2.8 | -3.5 |
| P | Education | 6,046.9 | 5,979.9 | 5,918.7 | 5,685.5 | 5,641.3 | -6.7 | -5.7 | -4.7 | -0.8 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 8,333.3 | 8,164.7 | 8,123.4 | 8,102.4 | 8,063.1 | -3.2 | -1.2 | -0.7 | -0.5 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 1,194.0 | 1,163.0 | 1,137.7 | 1,165.1 | 1,189.5 | -0.4 | +2.3 | +4.6 | +2.1 |
| Total | 59,284.6 | 56,008.2 | 54,874.7 | 55,320.5 | 56,119.3 | -5.3 | +0.2 | +2.3 | +1.4 | |
| 1 Earnings are inclusive of overtime and irregular earnings. | ||||||||||
| Table 5 Total annual other labour costs by economic sector1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 2,060.9 | 1,729.1 | 1,611.5 | 1,854.2 | 1,867.2 | -9.4 | +8.0 | +15.9 | +0.7 |
| F | Construction | 705.5 | 365.1 | 297.9 | 274.7 | 268.0 | -62.0 | -26.6 | -10.0 | -2.5 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 1,202.3 | 1,065.8 | 1,026.4 | 1,189.8 | 1,149.6 | -4.4 | +7.9 | +12.0 | -3.4 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 486.1 | 430.9 | 423.1 | 500.9 | 451.0 | -7.2 | +4.7 | +6.6 | -10.0 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 261.7 | 216.8 | 185.1 | 188.5 | 207.6 | -20.7 | -4.3 | +12.1 | +10.1 |
| J | Information and communication | 565.8 | 518.6 | 521.9 | 620.6 | 813.7 | +43.8 | +56.9 | +55.9 | +31.1 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 1,358.4 | 1,124.0 | 1,015.9 | 1,167.8 | 1,168.2 | -14.0 | +3.9 | +15.0 | - |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 564.3 | 440.3 | 440.4 | 488.6 | 548.0 | -2.9 | +24.5 | +24.4 | +12.2 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 338.7 | 283.0 | 233.3 | 299.8 | 321.2 | -5.2 | +13.5 | +37.7 | +7.1 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 452.6 | 376.9 | 350.7 | 414.1 | 411.8 | -9.0 | +9.2 | +17.4 | -0.5 |
| P | Education | 484.8 | 452.5 | 473.9 | 560.5 | 565.0 | +16.5 | +24.9 | +19.2 | +0.8 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 945.5 | 777.9 | 711.6 | 835.6 | 822.3 | -13.0 | +5.7 | +15.6 | -1.6 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 179.3 | 142.7 | 151.6 | 164.1 | 182.3 | +1.7 | +27.8 | +20.2 | +11.1 |
| Total | 9,605.8 | 7,923.7 | 7,443.3 | 8,559.2 | 8,775.8 | -8.6 | +10.8 | +17.9 | +2.5 | |
| 1 Other labour costs include statutory employers' PRSI, other social costs, benefits in kind, etc. | ||||||||||
| Table 6a Total annual labour costs by economic sector 1 | ||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | Four year change (2009-2013) | Three year change (2010-2013) | Two year change (2011-2013) | Annual change (2012-2013) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | €/M | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 10,830.0 | 10,205.3 | 9,888.3 | 10,077.7 | 10,360.7 | -4.3 | +1.5 | +4.8 | +2.8 |
| F | Construction | 4,513.5 | 2,888.3 | 2,667.3 | 2,431.1 | 2,413.1 | -46.5 | -16.5 | -9.5 | -0.7 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 8,693.8 | 8,263.5 | 8,312.9 | 8,699.3 | 8,807.2 | +1.3 | +6.6 | +5.9 | +1.2 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 2,953.8 | 2,814.9 | 2,855.1 | 2,872.8 | 2,842.3 | -3.8 | +1.0 | -0.4 | -1.1 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 2,513.3 | 2,360.3 | 2,167.1 | 2,247.4 | 2,474.7 | -1.5 | +4.8 | +14.2 | +10.1 |
| J | Information and communication | 3,208.6 | 3,084.2 | 3,136.9 | 3,579.8 | 3,867.5 | +20.5 | +25.4 | +23.3 | +8.0 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 6,056.3 | 5,699.7 | 5,552.7 | 5,692.7 | 5,628.9 | -7.1 | -1.2 | +1.4 | -1.1 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 3,682.5 | 3,314.9 | 3,278.8 | 3,467.1 | 3,820.3 | +3.7 | +15.2 | +16.5 | +10.2 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 2,615.3 | 2,469.2 | 2,222.0 | 2,477.4 | 2,588.1 | -1.0 | +4.8 | +16.5 | +4.5 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 6,639.8 | 6,150.9 | 5,720.0 | 5,821.2 | 5,628.9 | -15.2 | -8.5 | -1.6 | -3.3 |
| P | Education | 6,531.6 | 6,432.4 | 6,392.6 | 6,245.9 | 6,206.3 | -5.0 | -3.5 | -2.9 | -0.6 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 9,278.7 | 8,942.6 | 8,835.0 | 8,938.1 | 8,885.4 | -4.2 | -0.6 | +0.6 | -0.6 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 1,373.2 | 1,305.7 | 1,289.3 | 1,329.2 | 1,371.8 | -0.1 | +5.1 | +6.4 | +3.2 |
| Total | 68,890.4 | 63,931.9 | 62,318.0 | 63,879.7 | 64,895.1 | -5.8 | +1.5 | +4.1 | +1.6 | |
| 1 Total annual labour costs is the sum of the total annual earnings and total annual other labour costs. | ||||||||||
| Table 6b Percentage proportion of total annual labour costs by economic sector | ||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | ||||||
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||
| % | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 15.7 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 16.0 |
| F | Construction | 6.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.7 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 12.6 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 13.6 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
| J | Information and communication | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.0 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.7 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.9 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 8.7 |
| P | Education | 9.5 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 9.6 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 13.5 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 13.7 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| Table 7 Percentage distribution of total annual labour costs by economic sector in 2009 and 2013 | |||||||||||
| NACE Principal Activity | 2009 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Regular earnings | Overtime earnings | Irregular earnings | Other labour costs | Total | Regular earnings | Overtime earnings | Irregular earnings | Other labour costs | Total | ||
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||
| B-E | Industry | 72.7 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 19.0 | 100 | 73.2 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 18.0 | 100 |
| F | Construction | 79.5 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 15.6 | 100 | 83.4 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 11.1 | 100 |
| G | Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 81.1 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 13.8 | 100 | 80.9 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 13.1 | 100 |
| H | Transportation and storage | 76.0 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 16.5 | 100 | 76.2 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 15.9 | 100 |
| I | Accommodation and food services | 87.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 10.4 | 100 | 88.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 8.4 | 100 |
| J | Information and communication | 76.0 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 17.6 | 100 | 70.8 | 0.8 | 7.4 | 21.0 | 100 |
| K-L | Financial, insurance and real estate | 71.0 | 0.8 | 5.7 | 22.4 | 100 | 72.3 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 20.8 | 100 |
| M | Professional, scientific and technical | 81.0 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 15.3 | 100 | 81.3 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 14.3 | 100 |
| N | Administrative and support services | 81.5 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 13.0 | 100 | 81.1 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 12.4 | 100 |
| O | Public administration and defence | 85.7 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 100 | 86.2 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 100 |
| P | Education | 90.4 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 100 | 88.0 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 9.1 | 100 |
| Q | Human health and social work | 81.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 10.2 | 100 | 83.6 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 9.3 | 100 |
| R-S | Arts, entertainment, recreation and other service activities | 82.6 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 13.1 | 100 | 82.6 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 13.3 | 100 |
| Total | 80.0 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 13.9 | 100 | 80.1 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 13.5 | 100 | |
Introduction
The Earnings, Hours and Employment Costs Survey (EHECS) replaced the four-yearly Labour Cost Survey, and also replaced all other CSO short-term earnings inquiries. The EHECS results are comparable across sectors and include more detail on components of earnings and labour costs than was previously available.
Legislation
The survey information was collected by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the S.I. No 140 of 2013 Statistics (Labour Costs Surveys) Order 2013. The information collected is treated as strictly confidential in accordance with the Statistics Act 1993. The survey results meet the requirements for Labour Costs statistics set out in Council Regulation (EC) 530/1999.
Business Register
The CSO’s Business Register provides the register of relevant enterprises for the survey. An enterprise is defined as the smallest legally independent unit.
Business Classification
The business classification used for the EHECS is based on the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE Rev.2). The NACE code of each enterprise included in the survey was determined from the predominant activity of the enterprise, based on information provided in this or other CSO inquiries.
Nace Classification
NACE Rev.2 is the latest classification system for economic activities, updated from NACE Rev 1.1. A major revision of NACE was conducted between 2000 and 2007, in order to ensure that the NACE classification system remained relevant for the economy. The main changes that affected the release was the reclassification of some industrial enterprises from industry to services (principally in the software and publishing sectors) and the inclusion of air conditioning supply, sewerage, water management and remediation activities in industry.
Coverage
The survey results relate to enterprises in the Nace Rev 2 Sections B – E (Industry), F (Construction), G (Wholesale & retail trade: repair of motor vehicles & motorcycles), H (Transportation & storage), I (Accommodation & food services activities), J (Information & communication), K-L (Financial, insurance & real estate activities), M (Professional, scientific & technical activities), N (Administrative & support services activities), O (Public administration & defence), P (Education), Q (Human health & social work activities) and R-S (Arts, entertainment, recreation & other service activities) with 3 or more employees. The data was collected at the enterprise level.
All enterprises with 50 or more employees and a sample of those with 3 to 49 employees are surveyed each quarter. The sample is based on the proportion of companies in each NACE 2 digit economic sectors in the 3 to 49 size classes (3 to 9, 10 to 19 and 20 to 49).
Earnings in the public sector are calculated before the deduction of the pension levy that was introduced in March 2009. For Q1 and Q2 2011 temporary census field staff are included in all calculations due to the large numbers involved.
Data Collection
The survey is conducted by post and questionnaires are issued in the last week of each quarter. Some returns are received electronically. All returns are scrutinised for accuracy. Where appropriate, firms are queried by post or telephone regarding incompleteness, apparent inconsistencies, etc. Information about the survey is on the CSO website and all questionnaires and instructions are available electronically there.
Definitions
Employees:
All full-time or part-time workers paid a specific wage or salary or who had a contract of employment are defined as employees. Persons not working for salary e.g. family members, directors, partners, outside pieceworker’s etc., are not considered employees but other persons engaged. These workers are included separately but not used in the calculation of derived variables. All employment figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Part-time Employees:
Part-time employees are defined as those who normally worked less than around 30 hours per week. These included persons who worked for some whole days per week as well as those who worked for part of the day each day.
Apprentices
Apprentices are defined as those whose wages/salaries are governed by the fact that they work either under an apprenticeship contract or as part of a training program. They are included in the calculation of earnings and hours data. They were also combined with full-time and part-time employees in determining the size group to which enterprises were classified.
Wages and Salaries
All wages and salaries payments are gross (i.e. before deduction of income tax and employees' PRSI contributions and levies such as the public sector pension levy). In the analysis, the total wages and salaries are divided into:
– Regular earnings i.e. pay and allowances paid at each pay period, even if the amount may vary.
– Overtime, i.e. payments for working in excess of normal hours, usually paid at a premium.
– Irregular bonuses and premiums, pay and allowances not paid at each pay period, i.e. annual or quarterly bonuses etc.
Other Costs
The following are the other categories of labour costs:
– Statutory employers’ PRSI including the social security contributions for apprentices.
– Other social costs; which encompass pension fund contributions, life assurance premiums, income continuance insurance as well as other employee-related payments paid by the employer.
– Benefits in kind; which include private use of company cars, stock options & share purchase schemes, voluntary sickness insurance, staff housing and other free or subsidised benefits (e.g. canteen facilities, childcare provision, health costs).
– Other labour costs.
– Redundancy payments.
Subsidies and Refunds
These are amounts received by firms under the various state schemes (IDA employment incentive scheme, grants etc.) as well as refunds from the Department of Social Protection (DSP) for sick and maternity leave. These are deducted from the firms’ labour costs in the analysis.
Derived Variables
Average annual earnings
Annual average earnings are the sum of annual regular earnings, annual overtime earnings and annual irregular earnings, divided by the average annual employment.
Average annual other labour costs
Total annual other labour costs are divided by the average annual employment to get average annual other labour costs.
Average annual total labour costs
The sum of average annual total earnings and annual average other labour costs.
Total annual earnings
This is the sum of total annual regular earnings, total annual overtime earnings and total annual irregular earnings.
Total annual other labour costs
This is the sum of annual other labour costs which includes redundancy payments, employers contribution to social security, other social costs, benefits in kind and other labour costs. Subsidies and refunds are deducted.
Total annual labour costs
This is the sum of total annual earnings and total annual other labour costs.
Methodology for production of annual results
All enterprises with 50 or more employees are surveyed quarterly as well as a sample of enterprises which have between 3 and 49 employees inclusive. The classifications by size of enterprise are based on total persons engaged on the first day of the quarter. Quarterly results are added to produce annual data at the 2-digit NACE level.
Weighting
For enterprises with 3 to 49 employees inclusive, a weighting factor (the reciprocal of the sampling fraction) is used to weight the estimates to the total population for both employees and enterprises. The CSO Business Register forms the basis of the sampling frame used for weighting the sample data to the population. Decay factors are calculated for each size class and sector to adjust the non-sampled element of the register for the respondent non-relevant enterprises.
Imputation
Imputation is carried out for non-respondents in the greater than 50 employees’ categories. Where an enterprise responded in the previous quarter ratio-imputation is used to estimate figures for the current quarter while for enterprises that did not respond in the previous quarter a stratum average imputation method is used to estimate the missing variables. These estimates are based on respondent enterprises of a similar size and activity.
Final Estimates
After imputation, all enterprises with 50 or more employees are accounted for and included in the final dataset. For those cells where a sample survey of enterprises is used (enterprises employing between 3 and 49 employees), the results are expanded using the grossing factors to cover the entire population for the relevant industries in the quarter. Macro edits are carried out at this stage and any outliers are investigated and corrected. Coherence of the data is ensured by scrutinising quarter on quarter changes.
Interpretation of results
The series presented in this release and all estimates deriving from the EHECS survey are primarily of use as an indicator of trends in average earnings across different classifications. However, in interpreting the trends and in undertaking direct comparison of the average level of earnings across sectors some caution in interpretation is warranted. For example, the results presented here are based on raw earnings levels. To get a true picture of differences in earnings levels of different employees, comparisons should take account of differences in the characteristics of employees, such as length of service, educational attainment level, nature of work etc., none of which are available via EHECS. The additional information available from the National Employment Survey (NES) allows for a more detailed analysis of differences in earnings levels and should be referred to by users seeking more detailed information on earnings determinants than is available from EHECS.
Public Sector Organisations
Public sector organisations consist of the following:
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Show Table 1 Average annual earnings by economic sector 
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