| Type of Innovation expenditure by enterprises1 2012, 2014 and 2016 | |||||
| 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2012 - 2016 | 2014 - 2016 | |
| €m | €m | €m | Percentage change (%) | ||
| In-house Research and Development | 1,861.4 | 1,881.9 | 2,174.4 | 16.8 | 15.5 |
| Purchase of external Research and Development | 525.3 | 373.3 | 619.1 | 17.9 | 65.9 |
| Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software | 921.7 | 1,239.2 | 1,441.1 | 56.4 | 16.3 |
| Acquisition of other external knowledge | 236.8 | 229.3 | 138.2 | -41.6 | -39.7 |
| All other innovation activities | 109.1 | 69.3 | 243.4 | 123.1 | 251.0 |
| Total innovation expenditure | 3,654.2 | 3,793.0 | 4,616.3 | 26.3 | 21.7 |
| 1 Enterprises with 10 or more employed in Industry and Selected Services sectors. | |||||
The total spend on innovation activities in Ireland was €4.6bn in 2016, a 22% increase on the 2014 figure of €3.8bn. The main driver for this increase was a 15.5% rise in expenditure for in-house Research and Development (R&D) from €1.9bn in 2014 to €2.2bn in 2016. This was the highest share of spend and accounted for 47% of all innovative expenditure.
Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software at €1.44bn represented 31% of total spend.
The acquisition of external R&D at €619m represented 13% of total spend. This involves enterprises contracting-out R&D to public or private research organisations or to other enterprises.
Please note, care should be taken in interpreting the results from the Community Innovation Survey (published as Innovation in Irish Enterprises) as those enterprises who confirmed they had innovative activity, their spend represented 1.6% of their turnover and this low expenditure level can lead to volatility in the results over time. See Figure 1 and Headline table.
Industrial enterprises spend on machinery, equipment and software accounted for a quarter of total innovation expenditure
Of the total spend of €4.6bn by enterprises on innovation activities, the Industrial sector accounted for €2.7bn compared to €1.9bn for the Selected Services.
Industrial sector enterprises spent €1,119m on machinery, equipment and software amounting to almost a quarter, 24.2%, of total innovation expenditure. Investment in in-house R&D amounted to €1,069m followed by €421m on external R&D, €42m on acquisition of external knowledge and €91m on all other innovation activities.
Selected Services sector enterprises spent €1,105m on in-house R&D and €322m on machinery, equipment and software. A further €198m was spent on external R&D, €97m on acquisition of external knowledge, and €153m on all other innovation activities. See Table 1.
Foreign enterprises accounted for 64% of total innovation expenditure
Even though foreign owned enterprises accounted for only 19% of all relevant enterprises, they accounted for €2.9bn or 64% of all innovation-related expenditure, including €1.4bn on in-house R&D.
Irish owned enterprises, which accounted for 81% of all relevant enterprises, spent €1.7bn on innovation related activities in 2016 or 36% of the total, of which €793m was spent on in-house R&D.
The distribution of innovation expenditure between Irish and foreign owned enterprises has stayed broadly consistent over the period 2010-2016. See Figure 2 and Table 1.
| For long labels below use to display on multiple lines | % |
|---|---|
| Irish owned enterprises | 36.4803562713254 |
| Foreign owned enterprises | 63.5196437286745 |
66% of large enterprises had innovation expenditure in 2014-2016 compared with 36% of SMEs
Nearly 38% of all enterprises had innovation expenditure in 2016. By size class, 33% of all small enterprises and 51% of medium enterprises, which equates to 36% of SMEs reported expenditure on innovation. When looking at large enterprises, 66% had such expenditure.
The largest 50 enterprises with innovation expenditure, representing 0.7% of all relevant enterprises, accounted for 72% of total innovation expenditure.
Almost 48% of Industrial enterprises had innovation expenditure compared with 32% of enterprises in the Selected Services sector. While 33% of enterprises in the Industry sector purchased machinery, equipment or software relating to innovation activities, the corresponding figure for Selected Services was 19%.
When looking at nationality of ownership and business sectors the breakdown of enterprises that are active innovators has remained relatively stable over the last number of years. See Figure 3 and Table 2.
| Industry | Selected Services | |
| In-house R&D | 35.4095563139932 | 18.6975717439294 |
| Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software | 33.1058020477816 | 18.8079470198675 |
| Acquisition of external knowledge | 8.23378839590444 | 5.34216335540839 |
| External R&D | 13.1825938566553 | 7.32891832229581 |
| All other innovation activities | 10.6655290102389 | 6.99779249448124 |
Over 43% of foreign owned enterprises had innovation expenditure
When looking at innovation expenditure by nationality of ownership 36% of Irish owned enterprises had innovation expenditure compared to 43% of foreign owned enterprises. Over 23% of Irish owned enterprises performed in-house R&D relating to innovation activities compared to 30% of foreign owned enterprises. See Figure 4 and Table 2.
| Irish owned | Foreign owned | |
| In-house R&D | 23.1665770127309 | 29.6067848882035 |
| Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software | 23.1845077998924 | 25.8288357748651 |
| Acquisition of external knowledge | 6.31163708086785 | 6.47648419429453 |
| External R&D | 8.76815492200108 | 11.7193523515806 |
| All other innovation activities | 7.54886139501524 | 11.2567463377024 |
57% of all enterprises were innovation active during 2014-2016
Of the enterprises surveyed in the Industry and Selected Services sectors, 57% were innovation active in the period 2014-2016. These enterprises generated 77% of total turnover and employed almost three quarters of total persons engaged in these two sectors.
Enterprises classed as innovation active are those enterprises that have carried out a product, process, organisational or marketing innovation between 2014-2016. They may also exercise an intellectual property right. See Figure 5 and Table 3.
| Total Industry | Total Selected Services | All innovative enterprises | |
| Total enterprises with innovation activities | 63.2252559726962 | 54.2604856512141 | 57.3319755600815 |
| Total turnover that is generated by enterprises with innovation activities | 93.8345734761615 | 67.7621455388136 | 77.0510751103635 |
| Total persons engaged who work in enterprises with innovation activities | 82.810483691541 | 67.6013634250097 | 73.8154273415892 |
Almost 43% of all enterprises had technological innovation during 2014-2016
Enterprises that are classed as technological innovation active are those enterprises that had carried out a product or process innovation.
Overall, it was found that 43% of all enterprises with ten or more persons engaged in the Industrial and Selected Services sectors were technologically innovative in the reference period. These enterprises generated 69% of all turnover and employed 62% of persons engaged in the Industry and Selected Services sectors. See Figure 6.
| Activity rates | |
| % of total enterprises with technological innovation activities | 42.8425952865871 |
| % of total turnover generated by enterprises with technological innovation activities | 68.9452639643446 |
| % of total persons engaged who work in enterprises with technological innovation activities | 61.7836826806603 |
European Innovation Rankings
The Community Innovation Survey is carried out in all EU member states. The most recent data available from Eurostat is taken from the 2012-2014 survey and allows comparisons across the entire community. When analysing the 2012-2014 results, Ireland shows the 4th highest innovation rates of all countries for whom data has been published, at 61%.
While the innovation activity rate for enterprises in Industry and Selected Services sectors decreased to 57% in Ireland in the period 2014-2016, comparable innovation activity rates will not be available for the other EU member states until Q4 2018. See Figure 7.
| % | |
| Ireland (2016) | 57.3 |
| EU-28 (2014) | 49.1 |
| Germany | 67 |
| Luxembourg | 65.1 |
| Belgium | 64.2 |
| Ireland (2014) | 61 |
| United Kingdom | 60.2 |
| Austria | 59.5 |
| France | 56.4 |
| Netherlands | 55.3 |
| Finland | 55.3 |
| Sweden | 54.2 |
| Portugal | 54 |
| Greece | 51 |
| Denmark | 49.5 |
| Italy | 48.7 |
| Slovenia | 45.9 |
| Lithuania | 43.3 |
| Czech Republic | 42 |
| Cyprus | 41.8 |
| Malta | 41.2 |
| Croatia | 39.7 |
| Spain | 36.4 |
| Slovakia | 31.8 |
| Estonia | 26.5 |
| Bulgaria | 26.1 |
| Hungary | 25.6 |
| Latvia | 25.5 |
| Poland | 21 |
| Romania | 12.8 |
A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing concept or strategy that differs significantly from an enterprise’s existing marketing methods and which has not been used before. It requires significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.
Ireland had the highest rate of marketing innovative enterprises at 39.6% in the period 2012–2014, with Germany having the second highest rate at 35.9%.
Figures for 2014–2016 show marketing innovation had fallen in Ireland to 34.7%. However, comparable innovation activity rates will not be available for the other EU member states until Q4 2018. See Figure 8.
| % | |
| Ireland (2016) | 34.7 |
| EU-28 (2014) | 22.8 |
| Ireland (2014) | 39.6 |
| Germany | 35.9 |
| Luxemburg | 34.1 |
| Greece | 32.5 |
| Austria | 29.8 |
| Denmark | 29 |
| Portugal | 29 |
| Belgium | 28.4 |
| Sweden | 28.1 |
| Finland | 25.9 |
| Cyprus | 25.5 |
| France | 25.3 |
| Slovenia | 25.1 |
| Croatia | 23.6 |
| Italy | 23.5 |
| Czech Republic | 20.5 |
| Malta | 20 |
| Netherlands | 20 |
| Lithuania | 18.7 |
| United Kingdom | 18.5 |
| Slovakia | 16.8 |
| Spain | 15.8 |
| Latvia | 13.6 |
| Estonia | 12.1 |
| Bulgaria | 11.7 |
| Hungary | 11.3 |
| Poland | 7.8 |
| Romania | 6.6 |
Nearly 31% of enterprises were engaged in process innovations, with 29% engaged in product innovations
Nearly 31% of enterprises in the Industry and Selected Services sectors had process innovations in the period 2014-2016, while 29% were engaged in product innovations. Over one in five, 21%, of those enterprises were engaged in both process and product innovations.
Almost 40% of Industry enterprises were engaged in process innovation compared to 26% of enterprises in Selected Services. Foreign owned enterprises were more likely to engage in product innovations, process innovations or both compared to Irish owned enterprises. See Figure 9.
| Product innovation | Process innovation | Product and process innovation | |
| Industry | 36.7747440273038 | 39.9317406143345 | 28.2423208191126 |
| Selected Services | 25.121412803532 | 25.6512141280353 | 16.7549668874172 |
| Irish owned | 27.2727272727273 | 29.872691411153 | 19.6880043033889 |
| Foreign owned | 36.9313801079414 | 33.307632999229 | 24.9036237471087 |
| All enterprises | 29.0951411114344 | 30.5208030258947 | 20.6720977596741 |
New to firm or new to market innovations generated 17% of turnover in 2016
Almost 17% of turnover for enterprises in 2016 was reported to be the result of new to firm or new to market innovations. This can be broken down into 14% from new to market and 3% from new to firm innovations.
Almost 21% of the turnover of foreign owned enterprises was generated as a result of new to the market and new to firm product innovations compared to 11% of the turnover of Irish owned enterprises. See Figure 10.
| Turnover: New to firm | Turnover: New to market | |
| Industry | 4.15880241084524 | 34.9944180111007 |
| Selected Services | 2.3954387875446 | 2.27479085371671 |
| Irish owned | 4.48603267773859 | 6.30249633036267 |
| Foreign owned | 2.13601168487282 | 18.5631217343865 |
| All enterprises | 3.02367949244686 | 13.9319450321714 |
Almost two thirds of large enterprises introduced an organisational innovation
Enterprises were asked details of organisational innovations that they introduced in the period 2014-2016. An organisational innovation is a new organisational method in the enterprise’s business practices, workplace organisation or external relations that had not been previously used by enterprises.
Almost 41% of all enterprises carried out an organisational innovation in 2014-2016. New methods of organising work responsibilities and decision-making at 36% and the introduction of new business practices at 35% were the most cited forms of organisational innovation. An organisational innovation was introduced by 62% of large enterprises over the reference period. This compares with 37% of small enterprises and 52% of medium sized enterprises. See Figure 11.
| Small (10-49) | Medium (50-249) | Large (250+) | All enterprises | |
| New business practices | 31.3413506012951 | 45.3547297297297 | 56.4912280701754 | 34.7977887692755 |
| New methods of organising work responsibilities and decision-making | 32.6919518963922 | 44.5101351351351 | 55.4385964912281 | 35.6851905731743 |
| New methods of organising external relations | 13.672525439408 | 18.75 | 30.5263157894737 | 15.2313063718359 |
| Any organisational innovation | 37.0767807585569 | 51.6047297297297 | 61.7543859649123 | 40.6022694210067 |
Primary marketing innovation was the introduction of new media or techniques for product promotion
A third of all enterprises carried out a marketing innovation in 2014-2016. The most common form of marketing innovation was the introduction of new media or techniques for product promotion and 23% of all enterprises indicated that they engaged in this activity. Significant changes to the aesthetic design or packaging of a good or service were implemented by 18% of all enterprises. A marketing innovation was introduced by 47% of large sized enterprises and 41% of medium enterprises between 2014 and 2016, while 33% of small enterprises introduced a marketing innovation. See Figure 12.
Overall, 35% of Industrial enterprises had a marketing innovation, with the same percentage reported by enterprises in Selected Services. Foreign owned enterprises introduced a marketing innovation in 33% of cases compared to 35% of Irish owned enterprises. Foreign owned enterprises introduced new media or techniques for product promotion in 20% of cases compared to 23% of Irish owned enterprises. Almost a fifth of foreign owned enterprises at 18% introduced new methods of pricing goods or services compared to 15% of Irish enterprises.
| Small (10-49) | Medium (50-249) | Large (250+) | All enterprises | |
| Significant changes to the aesthetic design or packaging of a good or service | 16.5032377428307 | 23.4797297297297 | 31.5789473684211 | 18.3299389002037 |
| New media techniques for product promotion | 21.2210915818686 | 28.125 | 31.5789473684211 | 22.8542333430317 |
| New methods for product placement or sales channels | 16.2072155411656 | 22.0439189189189 | 24.2105263157895 | 17.5298225196392 |
| New methods of pricing goods or services | 14.6345975948196 | 16.8918918918919 | 25.2631578947368 | 15.4786150712831 |
| Any marketing innovation | 32.8029602220167 | 40.625 | 46.6666666666667 | 34.7250509164969 |
Technological innovation co-operation rates unchanged since 2010-2012
When developing new to market or new to firm product and process innovations, firms can develop these within their own firm or within their enterprise group. Alternatively, firms may engage in co-operation with other sources to help develop these technological innovations.
Of all technologically innovative enterprises, 30% indicated that they engaged in some co-operative activity when developing their innovations compared to 31% in the 2012-2014 survey. Enterprises reported in 24% of cases that they were engaged in technological innovation co-operation with partners located in Ireland, compared with 19% of enterprises engaged with partners in Other Europe. See Figure 13.
Over one in four Industrial enterprises and one in five Selected Services enterprises engaged in technological innovation co-operation with partners located in Ireland. One fifth of Industrial enterprises were engaged in technological innovation co-operation with partners in Other Europe compared to 17% of Selected Services enterprises.
Around one in five Irish owned enterprises were engaged in technological innovation co-operation with enterprises located in Ireland while 14% had co-operation partners located in Other Europe.
Almost 57% of large enterprises engaged in technological innovation co-operation with partners located in Ireland while 41% of large enterprises co-operated with partners located in Other Europe.
| Location | |
| Ireland | 24.0747028862479 |
| Northern Ireland | 5.29711375212224 |
| Other Europe | 18.8455008488964 |
| All other countries | 12.3599320882852 |
Lack of internal finance the main factor in hampering innovation activities
The main factor cited by firms as hampering innovation activities, for both the Industrial and Selected Services sectors, was lack of internal finance. Over 15% of industrial enterprises reported this as an issue.This was followed closely by innovation costs being too high, with 13% of industrial enterprises and 12% of selected services enterprises indicating that innovation costs were an issue. See Figure 14.
| Industry | Selected Services | |
| Lack of internal finance | 15.401023890785 | 12.7814569536424 |
| Lack of external finance | 8.48976109215017 | 8.56512141280353 |
| Innovation costs too high | 12.6279863481229 | 12.1192052980132 |
| Lack of skilled employees | 9.64163822525597 | 9.95584988962472 |
| Lack of collaboration partners | 3.49829351535836 | 4.50331125827815 |
| Difficulty obtaining Government grants or subsidies | 9.30034129692833 | 8.45474613686534 |
| Uncertain market demand | 8.91638225255973 | 7.32891832229581 |
| Too much competition in your market | 10.4948805460751 | 11.0816777041943 |
An Intellectual innovation was reported by 13% of enterprises in 2014-2016
Intellectual Property Rights can involve applying for a patent or European utility model, registering a trademark or industrial design right, use of trade secrets or claiming copyright.
In 2014-2016, 13% of enterprises had an Intellectual innovation, with 7% registering a trademark and 6% applying for a patent. In general, large enterprises engage more in intellectual innovation than SMEs. See Figure 15.
| Small (10 - 49) | Medium (50 - 249) | Large (250+) | All enterprises | |
| Applying for a patent | 4.29232192414431 | 9.20608108108108 | 18.2456140350877 | 5.71719522839686 |
| Applying for a European utility model | 0.296022201665125 | 0.929054054054054 | 2.45614035087719 | 0.480069828338667 |
| Registering an industrial design right | 0.407030527289547 | 1.77364864864865 | 3.50877192982456 | 0.771021239453011 |
| Registering a trademark | 5.99444958371878 | 11.5709459459459 | 15.4385964912281 | 7.34652313063718 |
| Using trade secrets | 2.01665124884366 | 5.40540540540541 | 13.3333333333333 | 3.06953738725633 |
| Claiming copyright | 2.60869565217391 | 4.30743243243243 | 6.66666666666667 | 3.06953738725633 |
| Table 1: Innovation expenditure by nationality of ownership, sector and size class, 2016 | ||||||||
| €m | ||||||||
| Nationality of ownership | Sector of activity | Size class | ||||||
| Irish | Foreign | Industry | Services | Small | Medium | Large | All enterprises | |
| (10-49) | (50-249) | (250+) | ||||||
| In-house R&D | 793.1 | 1,381.3 | 1,069.4 | 1,105.0 | 431.6 | 569.2 | 1,173.5 | 2,174.4 |
| Purchase of External R&D | 462.0 | 157.1 | 421.2 | 197.9 | 124.7 | 98.1 | 396.4 | 619.1 |
| Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software | 346.3 | 1,094.8 | 1,118.8 | 322.3 | 247.5 | 228.1 | 965.5 | 1,441.1 |
| Acquisition of other external knowledge | 23.7 | 114.6 | 41.6 | 96.6 | 53.1 | 59.9 | 25.2 | 138.2 |
| Other expenditure | 58.9 | 184.5 | 90.8 | 152.7 | 104.6 | 53.4 | 85.4 | 243.4 |
| Total innovation expenditure | 1,684.0 | 2,932.2 | 2,741.7 | 1,874.5 | 961.6 | 1,008.8 | 2,645.9 | 4,616.3 |
| Table 2: Percentage of enterprises engaged in technological innovation expenditure by nationality of ownership, sector and size class, 2016 | ||||||||
| % | ||||||||
| Nationality of ownership | Sector of activity | Size class | ||||||
| Irish | Foreign | Industry | Services | Small | Medium | Large | All enterprises | |
| (10-49) | (50-249) | (250+) | ||||||
| In-house R&D | 23.2 | 29.6 | 35.4 | 18.7 | 20.9 | 33.9 | 51.6 | 24.4 |
| Purchase of external R&D | 8.8 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 14.1 | 25.6 | 9.3 |
| Acquisition of machinery, equipment and software | 23.2 | 25.8 | 33.1 | 18.8 | 21.1 | 31.6 | 38.6 | 23.7 |
| Acquisition of other external knowledge | 6.3 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 6.3 |
| Training for innovation activities | 13.2 | 14.6 | 16.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 17.1 | 22.5 | 13.5 |
| Market introduction of innovations | 9.1 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 12.1 | 15.4 | 9.6 |
| Design | 12.2 | 13.5 | 14.5 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 14.7 | 20.4 | 12.5 |
| Active - all other expenditure | 7.5 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 10.8 | 19.3 | 8.2 |
| Total | 36.3 | 43.2 | 47.8 | 32.3 | 33.1 | 51.2 | 66.0 | 37.6 |
| Table 3: Technological and non-technological innovation activity rates by sector and size class, 2014 - 2016 | ||||||
| % | ||||||
| Sector of activity | Size class | |||||
| Industry | Services | Small | Medium | Large | All enterprises | |
| (10-49) | (50-249) | (250+) | ||||
| % of total enterprises with innovation activities | 63.2 | 54.3 | 53.1 | 70.9 | 81.4 | 57.3 |
| % of total turnover that is generated by enterprises with innovation activities | 93.8 | 67.8 | 56.6 | 75.8 | 83.9 | 77.1 |
| % of total persons engaged who work in enterprises with innovation activities | 82.8 | 67.6 | 54.9 | 72.2 | 84.4 | 73.8 |
The Community Innovation Survey (CIS), also known as Innovation in Irish Enterprises (IIE) is a survey of innovation activities of enterprises in Ireland and other EU Member States. The CIS is carried out under the STATISTICS (COMMUNITY INNOVATION SURVEY) ORDER 2017 (S.I. No 40 of 2017) made under the Statistics Act, 1993. The survey collects information about product and process innovation, as well as organisational and marketing innovations and other key variables during the three year period 2014 to 2016 inclusive. Most questions cover new or significantly improved goods or services or the implementation of new or significantly improved processes, logistics or distribution methods.
The CIS (IIE) was previously conducted by Forfás but is now solely conducted by the CSO to increase efficiency in the collection of statistical data and to reduce the burden on the participating enterprises. Data were collected in accordance with Section 33 of the Statistics Act, 1993 and with EU law and the survey was carried out under the agreed set of international rules as laid out in the OECD Oslo Manual. Data are strictly confidential and will be used only for statistical purposes.
Survey
The CIS (IIE) survey sampled enterprises with ten or more persons engaged in the Selected NACE categories as included in the table below. The CSO conducted a postal survey in 2015. A total of c. 4,500 survey forms were issued to the sampled enterprises from the CSO’s Business Register. The response rate was 66%.
|
NACE Rev. 2 |
|
| Sections and Divisions | Description |
| Industry | |
| B (05-09) | Mining and quarrying |
| C (10-33) | Manufacturing |
| D (35) | Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
| E (36-39) | Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |
| Selected Services | |
| G (46) | Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
| H (49-53) | Transportation and Storage |
| J (58-63) | Information and communication |
| K (64-66) | Financial and insurance activities |
| M (71-73) | Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis; scientific research and development; advertising and market research |
Questionnaire
The CIS questionnaire is available on the CSO Website as follows: CIS 2016
Other Europe
Other Europe includes the following European Union (EU) countries, EFTA or EU candidate countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.
PRODUCT INNOVATION:
The market introduction of a new or a significantly improved good or service with respect to its capabilities, user friendliness, components or sub-systems. The product innovation could either be new to the market or new to the firm.
PROCESS INNOVATION:
The implementation of a new or significantly improved production process, distribution method, or support activity for goods and services. The process innovation could either be new to the market or new to the firm.
NEW TO MARKET INNOVATION:
An innovation activity, which saw the introduction of a new or significantly improved good or service by the firm onto its operating market before other competitors.
NEW TO FIRM INNOVATION:
An innovation activity which saw the introduction of a new or significantly improved good or service to the firm, and which was already available from competitors in the operating sector.
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE:
Spending on activities to support and implement production or process innovations.
ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION:
The implementation of new or significant changes in firm structure or management methods that are intended to improve your firm’s use of knowledge, the quality of your goods and services or the efficiency of work flows.
MARKETING INNOVATION:
The implementation of a new marketing concept or strategy that differs significantly from your enterprise’s existing marketing methods and which has not been used before. It requires significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION:
Technological innovations comprise new products or processes, whether ongoing or abandoned during the survey period.
NON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION:
Non Technological innovations refer to either organisational or marketing innovations.
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Show Table 1: Innovation expenditure by nationality of ownership, sector and size class, 2016
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