Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector | ||||||||||
'000 tonnes CO2 equivalent | ||||||||||
NACE Sector | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012-2013 % change | ||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 19,750 | 19,724 | 19,093 | 19,657 | 19,799 | 0.7 | ||||
Industry | 21,615 | 21,432 | 19,545 | 20,477 | 19,243 | -6.0 | ||||
Services | 6,847 | 6,514 | 6,282 | 6,070 | 6,042 | -0.5 | ||||
Households | 15,190 | 15,199 | 13,842 | 13,332 | 13,670 | 2.5 | ||||
Total | 63,402 | 62,870 | 58,762 | 59,536 | 58,755 | -1.3 |
NACE Sector Distribution
In 2013 greenhouse gas emissions by the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector constituted 33.7% of total greenhouse gas emissions while emissions by the industry sector were 32.7% of the total.
The household sector was the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases at 23.3% of the total and the remaining 10.3% of emissions originated with the services sector (see Table 1).
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Emissions by the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector decreased overall from 2004, falling to 19.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2011, but increased by 3.0% in 2012 and by a further 0.7% in 2013 (see Figure 1).
Industry
Greenhouse gas emissions by the industry sector fell in 2013, reverting to the trend of decreasing emissions since 2005 that can be seen in Figure 1. This trend was interrupted by a 4.8% annual increase in 2012 which was mainly due to higher consumption of solid fuels for energy production that year.
The overall decrease of 28.6% in industry greenhouse gas emissions between 2004 and 2013 (see Figure 2) was largely the result of a reduction in emissions from the electricity and gas supply industry (NACE 35).
Services
Figures 1 and 2 show a trend of continuously decreasing emissions by the services sector after a peak in 2007. The largest annual decline of 10.3% occurred in 2009. Thereafter the rate of decrease slowed and a small annual fall of 0.5% was recorded in 2013.
Households
After a decrease of 8.9% in 2011 and a further reduction of 3.7% in 2012, household sector emissions increased by 2.5% to 13.7 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2013.
Sector | Percentage change 2004-2013 | Percentage change 2012-2013 |
---|---|---|
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | -6.46724963616645 | 0.725215777816391 |
Industry | -28.634279120214 | -6.02478712572224 |
Services | -17.2257078636193 | -0.454552818841403 |
Households | -1.20170590317865 | 2.53309785558159 |
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Type of Gas
Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 2.7% and 3.5% respectively from 2012 to 2013 while emissions of methane increased by 2.7% and fluorinated gas emissions rose by 12.4% (see Tables 2-4 and 12).
In 2013 carbon dioxide emissions formed 63.1% of total greenhouse gas emissions, methane contributed 22.5%, nitrous oxide made up 12.1% and fluorinated gas emissions were 2.3% of total greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.
Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, GDP and Population
Figure 3 compares total greenhouse gas emissions, gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices and population as percentages of their respective values in 2004.
Year | Greenhouse gas emissions | GDP | Population | Index 2004 = 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2005 | 103.002956691243 | 106.334495802907 | 102.200247218789 | 100 |
2006 | 101.714778257587 | 113.043422413184 | 104.647713226205 | 100 |
2007 | 99.6659451567467 | 119.309197639095 | 108.182941903585 | 100 |
2008 | 99.3231037154379 | 116.729285884023 | 110.877626699629 | 100 |
2009 | 91.5307384894759 | 110.147524453607 | 112.064276885043 | 100 |
2010 | 90.7621606289648 | 110.586822347675 | 112.608158220025 | 100 |
2011 | 84.832680345117 | 113.448681142945 | 113.102595797281 | 100 |
2012 | 85.9492897858642 | 113.620161461244 | 113.349814585909 | 100 |
2013 | 84.8217681868359 | 115.250187857652 | 113.547589616811 | 100 |
Air Pollutant Emissions
Sulphur dioxide emissions increased by 0.8% in 2013. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased by 0.7% (see Tables 5 and 6).
Emissions of both ammonia and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) increased by 2% between 2012 and 2013 (see Tables 7 and 8).
Carbon monoxide was the only air pollutant whose emissions decreased in 2013 (see Table 9).
Small particulate matter (PM2.5) had the largest percentage increase on 2012 figures at 3.4%, while larger particulate matter (PM10) emissions rose by 1.6% (see Tables 10 and 11).
Pollutant | Percentage change 2004-2013 | Percentage change 2012-2013 |
---|---|---|
Sulphur dioxide | -65.740567865423 | 0.801514827348582 |
Nitrogen oxides | -41.0312602010822 | 0.721022857524064 |
Ammonia | -4.28467370763894 | 1.74970107996092 |
Carbon monoxide | -43.8035777220012 | -4.64083502573719 |
NMVOCs | -14.8407947168101 | 2.03753203763667 |
PM2.5 | -16.2231134207254 | 3.42898131102543 |
PM10 | -12.10558441401 | 1.58336523818942 |
Air Pollutant Emissions by NACE Sector
The NACE sector distribution of air emissions is shown for each of the seven pollutants in Figure 5 below.
Pollutant | Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | Industry | Services | Households |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sulphur dioxide | 0.436948545271321 | 63.8825057896875 | 2.93592885835696 | 32.7446168066842 |
Nitrogen oxides | 9.42400039508853 | 31.7314844428194 | 33.1637624705566 | 25.6807526915354 |
Ammonia | 98.6649209375866 | 0.228425166011102 | 0.115397594292245 | 0.991256302110025 |
Carbon monoxide | 1.42561897479786 | 22.9037697244176 | 9.58667385333576 | 66.0839374474488 |
NMVOCs | 47.7932971442799 | 12.5989975604618 | 6.96524142239895 | 32.6424638728593 |
PM2.5 | 14.8091898740688 | 14.1006224728104 | 7.53647486767867 | 63.5537127854421 |
PM10 | 43.5683164974333 | 10.0819627985134 | 5.4884291353951 | 40.8612915686583 |
Table 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4, HFC, PFC, SF6, NF3) by NACE Sector | ||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes CO2 equivalent | ||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 21,168 | 21,280 | 20,806 | 19,734 | 19,787 | 19,750 | 19,724 | 19,093 | 19,657 | 19,799 | ||||
Industry (05-43) | 26,965 | 27,609 | 26,925 | 26,266 | 25,866 | 21,615 | 21,432 | 19,545 | 20,477 | 19,243 | ||||
Mining and quarrying (05-09) | 392 | 348 | 431 | 437 | 407 | 333 | 219 | 237 | 218 | 242 | ||||
Food products, beverages and tobacco products (10-12) | 1,350 | 1,623 | 1,463 | 1,421 | 1,488 | 1,361 | 1,274 | 1,120 | 1,098 | 1,194 | ||||
Textiles, wearing apparel and leather products (13-15) | 25 | 31 | 26 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 16 | 8 | 7 | 11 | ||||
Wood and paper products and printing (16-18) | 164 | 152 | 124 | 115 | 107 | 93 | 105 | 58 | 68 | 75 | ||||
Coke and refined petroleum products (19) | 337 | 412 | 382 | 365 | 368 | 316 | 311 | 286 | 314 | 295 | ||||
Chemicals and chemical products (20) | 354 | 332 | 258 | 225 | 140 | 94 | 98 | 97 | 101 | 122 | ||||
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations (21) | 248 | 264 | 251 | 214 | 281 | 288 | 260 | 226 | 225 | 197 | ||||
Rubber and plastic products and other non-metallic mineral products (22-23) | 4,539 | 4,761 | 4,655 | 4,786 | 4,266 | 2,782 | 2,441 | 2,155 | 2,462 | 2,410 | ||||
Basic metals and fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (24-25) | 1,461 | 1,186 | 1,488 | 1,578 | 1,574 | 1,258 | 1,550 | 1,509 | 1,507 | 1,488 | ||||
Computer, electronic and optical products (26) | 414 | 490 | 402 | 440 | 445 | 336 | 241 | 126 | 121 | 122 | ||||
Electrical equipment (27) | 73 | 86 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 43 | 40 | 37 | 43 | 14 | ||||
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified (28) | 56 | 57 | 53 | 56 | 62 | 52 | 78 | 45 | 47 | 46 | ||||
Transport equipment (29-30) | 37 | 36 | 35 | 38 | 33 | 32 | 22 | 13 | 14 | 13 | ||||
Furniture; other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment (31-33) | 130 | 166 | 183 | 159 | 178 | 162 | 159 | 90 | 105 | 101 | ||||
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (35) | 14,925 | 15,329 | 14,611 | 14,136 | 14,214 | 12,668 | 12,951 | 11,595 | 12,320 | 10,908 | ||||
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (36-39) | 1,836 | 1,722 | 1,819 | 1,463 | 1,613 | 1,375 | 1,313 | 1,339 | 1,294 | 1,463 | ||||
Construction (41-43) | 624 | 611 | 666 | 733 | 589 | 404 | 354 | 605 | 533 | 542 | ||||
Services (45-96) | 7,299 | 7,815 | 7,911 | 8,055 | 7,635 | 6,847 | 6,514 | 6,282 | 6,070 | 6,042 | ||||
Households | 13,836 | 14,646 | 14,815 | 14,982 | 15,511 | 15,190 | 15,199 | 13,842 | 13,332 | 13,670 | ||||
Total greenhouse gas emissions | 69,268 | 71,349 | 70,456 | 69,037 | 68,800 | 63,402 | 62,870 | 58,762 | 59,536 | 58,755 |
Table 2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions | ||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes C02 | ||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 1,457 | 1,518 | 1,445 | 1,479 | 1,408 | 1,311 | 1,361 | 1,245 | 1,085 | 1,307 | ||||
Industry (05-43) | 24,505 | 25,193 | 24,466 | 24,198 | 23,890 | 19,931 | 19,804 | 17,826 | 18,821 | 17,440 | ||||
Mining and quarrying (05-09) | 349 | 311 | 399 | 385 | 360 | 303 | 193 | 209 | 193 | 216 | ||||
Food products, beverages and tobacco products (10-12) | 1,246 | 1,484 | 1,326 | 1,287 | 1,321 | 1,201 | 1,124 | 957 | 917 | 989 | ||||
Textiles, wearing apparel and leather products (13-15) | 25 | 30 | 25 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 8 | 7 | 10 | ||||
Wood and paper products and printing (16-18) | 163 | 151 | 123 | 114 | 105 | 91 | 104 | 57 | 67 | 73 | ||||
Coke and refined petroleum products (19) | 337 | 411 | 381 | 364 | 367 | 315 | 310 | 285 | 313 | 294 | ||||
Chemicals and chemical products (20) | 352 | 330 | 256 | 223 | 139 | 92 | 96 | 94 | 98 | 114 | ||||
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations (21) | 246 | 262 | 249 | 212 | 279 | 285 | 259 | 225 | 223 | 195 | ||||
Rubber and plastic products and other non-metallic mineral products (22-23) | 4,526 | 4,745 | 4,639 | 4,768 | 4,248 | 2,769 | 2,426 | 2,142 | 2,449 | 2,395 | ||||
Basic metals and fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (24-25) | 1,455 | 1,181 | 1,483 | 1,572 | 1,568 | 1,254 | 1,545 | 1,503 | 1,503 | 1,484 | ||||
Computer, electronic and optical products (26) | 126 | 178 | 151 | 199 | 263 | 226 | 170 | 83 | 88 | 86 | ||||
Electrical equipment (27) | 54 | 62 | 54 | 58 | 37 | 17 | 20 | 13 | 12 | 13 | ||||
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified (28) | 52 | 51 | 48 | 51 | 53 | 46 | 73 | 41 | 41 | 42 | ||||
Transport equipment (29-30) | 36 | 35 | 35 | 38 | 33 | 31 | 21 | 13 | 14 | 13 | ||||
Furniture; other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment (31-33) | 128 | 164 | 179 | 156 | 174 | 158 | 155 | 87 | 102 | 98 | ||||
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (35) | 14,739 | 15,139 | 14,412 | 13,934 | 14,007 | 12,468 | 12,752 | 11,405 | 12,137 | 10,738 | ||||
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (36-39) | 73 | 82 | 79 | 122 | 375 | 286 | 213 | 139 | 176 | 184 | ||||
Construction (41-43) | 598 | 577 | 628 | 694 | 541 | 368 | 328 | 563 | 481 | 494 | ||||
Services (45-96) | 6,961 | 7,392 | 7,478 | 7,615 | 7,171 | 6,370 | 5,990 | 5,772 | 5,538 | 5,438 | ||||
Households | 13,119 | 13,849 | 14,014 | 14,197 | 14,702 | 14,370 | 14,399 | 13,056 | 12,622 | 12,873 | ||||
Total carbon dioxide emissions | 46,042 | 47,952 | 47,403 | 47,490 | 47,171 | 41,982 | 41,554 | 37,898 | 38,067 | 37,057 |
Table 3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes N2O | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 25.0 | 25.7 | 24.6 | 21.6 | 22.2 | 23.0 | 23.5 | 22.2 | 23.3 | 22.4 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||
Households | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||
Total nitrous oxide emissions | 26.6 | 27.3 | 26.2 | 23.3 | 23.8 | 24.6 | 25.1 | 23.7 | 24.8 | 23.9 |
Table 4 Methane (CH4) Emissions | ||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes CH4 | ||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 490.1 | 484.4 | 481.7 | 472.4 | 470.4 | 463.4 | 454.1 | 449.3 | 464.9 | 471.9 | ||||
Industry (05-43) | 70.9 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 53.4 | 48.7 | 41.8 | 42.1 | 45.9 | 42.4 | 48.6 | ||||
Water supply; sewerage; waste management and remediation activities (36-39) | 66.0 | 61.1 | 65.0 | 48.9 | 44.7 | 38.6 | 39.1 | 43.2 | 39.9 | 46.3 | ||||
Other industry | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.3 | ||||
Services (45-96) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | ||||
Households | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 8.1 | ||||
Total methane emissions | 569.9 | 559.2 | 559.7 | 534.5 | 528.3 | 514.8 | 505.3 | 503.7 | 515.6 | 529.3 |
Table 5 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes SO2 | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 58.5 | 57.8 | 48.7 | 43.3 | 36.5 | 23.8 | 18.2 | 17.7 | 16.6 | 16.2 | |||||
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (35) | 44.0 | 42.5 | 36.8 | 30.8 | 25.2 | 15.7 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 8.7 | |||||
Other industry | 14.5 | 15.3 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 7.5 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |||||
Households | 11.7 | 12.6 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 8.3 | |||||
Total sulphur dioxide emissions | 74.1 | 74.0 | 63.0 | 56.9 | 47.5 | 34.4 | 28.3 | 26.7 | 25.2 | 25.4 |
Table 6 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes NOx | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 56 | 57 | 54 | 54 | 45 | 29 | 26 | 21 | 25 | 25 | |||||
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (35) | 32 | 32 | 30 | 27 | 22 | 13 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 9 | |||||
Other industry | 23 | 25 | 25 | 27 | 23 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 17 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 41 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 37 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 26 | |||||
Households | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 20 | |||||
Total nitrogen oxide emissions | 134 | 136 | 132 | 129 | 116 | 93 | 85 | 76 | 78 | 79 | |||||
Table 7 Ammonia (NH3) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes NH3 | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 110.5 | 109.7 | 109.0 | 106.0 | 107.2 | 108.6 | 107.0 | 103.2 | 104.4 | 106.3 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||
Households | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |||||
Total ammonia emissions | 112.6 | 112.5 | 111.6 | 108.5 | 109.6 | 110.7 | 108.9 | 104.9 | 105.9 | 107.8 | |||||
Table 8 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound (NMVOC) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes NMVOC | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |||||
Households | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 29 | |||||
Total NMVOC emissions | 106 | 106 | 106 | 106 | 100 | 97 | 91 | 89 | 88 | 90 |
Table 9 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes CO | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 41 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 36 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 28 | |||||
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (35) | 22 | 23 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 16 | |||||
Other industry | 19 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | |||||
Households | 152 | 149 | 137 | 127 | 120 | 112 | 100 | 91 | 84 | 81 | |||||
Total carbon monoxide emissions | 219 | 217 | 201 | 189 | 179 | 159 | 146 | 135 | 129 | 123 | |||||
Table 10 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes PM2.5 | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | |||||
Households | 9.8 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 10.1 | |||||
Total PM2.5 emissions | 18.9 | 19.4 | 18.7 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 17.6 | 16.8 | 15.5 | 15.3 | 15.9 |
Table 11 Particulate Matter (PM10) Emissions | |||||||||||||||
'000 tonnes PM10 | |||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (01-03) | 11.9 | 11.6 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.2 | |||||
Industry (05-43) | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | |||||
Services (45-96) | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |||||
Households | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 10.5 | |||||
Total PM10 emissions | 29.2 | 29.6 | 28.6 | 27.9 | 28.3 | 27.5 | 26.6 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.7 |
Table 12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |||||||||||||
'000 tonnes | |||||||||||||
Gas | Unit | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||
CO2 emissions | CO2 | 46,042 | 47,952 | 47,403 | 47,490 | 47,171 | 41,982 | 41,554 | 37,898 | 38,067 | 37,057 | ||
N2O emissions | N2O | 27 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | ||
CH4 emissions | CH4 | 570 | 559 | 560 | 535 | 528 | 515 | 505 | 504 | 516 | 529 | ||
HFC, PFC, SF6, NF3 emissions | CO2 equivalent | 1,051 | 1,281 | 1,255 | 1,253 | 1,319 | 1,231 | 1,207 | 1,209 | 1,183 | 1,329 |
Table 13 Air Pollutant Emissions | ||||||||||||
'000 tonnes | ||||||||||||
Pollutant | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||
SO2 emissions | 74 | 74 | 63 | 57 | 47 | 34 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 25 | ||
NOX emissions | 134 | 136 | 132 | 129 | 116 | 93 | 85 | 76 | 78 | 79 | ||
NH3 emissions | 113 | 113 | 112 | 108 | 110 | 111 | 109 | 105 | 106 | 108 | ||
CO emissions | 219 | 217 | 201 | 189 | 179 | 159 | 146 | 135 | 129 | 123 | ||
NMVOC emissions | 106 | 106 | 106 | 106 | 100 | 97 | 91 | 89 | 88 | 90 | ||
PM2.5 emissions | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 16 | ||
PM10 emissions | 29 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 26 |
These environmental accounts categorise emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere by economic sector.
The figures presented in this release are based on the air emissions inventories submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency annually to the United Nations under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
This release incorporates revisions to the air emissions estimates previously published by the CSO, including updated Global Warming Potentials for methane and nitrous oxide (see below).
The three main greenhouse gases included in this publication are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). As greenhouse gas emissions from human activities increase, they build up in the atmosphere, warming it through the greenhouse effect. Because many of the major greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for tens to hundreds of years after being released, their warming effects on the climate persist over a long time and can therefore affect both present and future generations.
Carbon dioxide emissions are the result of burning fossil fuels such as coal, turf and petroleum for heat, power and transport. Industrial processes such as cement production also emit CO2.
Nitrous oxide emissions arise from nitrogen fertilisers used in agriculture and a small number of industrial processes.
Methane emissions are caused by the digestive systems of ruminant animals, waste water treatment plants and landfill sites.
There are other greenhouse gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Emissions of these gases account for approximately 2% of the total greenhouse gas emissions for Ireland and are included in the total of greenhouse gases in Tables 1 and 12. There are several types of HFC and PFC, each of which have separate global warming potential conversion factors.
Global warming potential
Greenhouse gas emissions by different gases are compared using the global warming potentials (GWPs) for a 100-yr time horizon from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report of 2007. The GWP is a measure of the global warming effect of a given mass of a greenhouse gas compared to the global warming effect of the same mass of carbon dioxide. The GWP for methane is 25 and that of nitrous oxide is 298. The GWPs of the fluoridated gases vary but many are in the thousands or tens of thousands.
Greenhouse gas emissions may be converted into units of CO2 equivalent using their global warming potentials. Further details are available at the IPCC website (https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html).
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas which is formed when sulphur-containing fuels (mainly coal and oil) are burned in power stations. Exposure to high concentrations of SO2 can lead to breathing difficulties for people with long-term respiratory conditions such as asthma.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during combustion at high temperatures with the main sources in Ireland coming from vehicles and power stations. The industrial sector is also a significant contributor to NOx levels, particularly the cement production industry. Exposure to NOx is linked to adverse respiratory effects, and long-term exposure increases the risk of respiratory infection in children.
Ammonia (NH3) emissions arise primarily from animal manure and nitrogen based fertilisers. Exposure to high levels of ammonia may irritate the skin, eyes, throat and lungs.
Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are emitted as gases by an array of products including paints, paint strippers, glues, adhesives, and cleaning agents. They also arise as a product of incomplete combustion of fuels and as such are a component of car exhaust emissions. Exposure to NMVOCs can lead to eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea and damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless gas that is formed when incomplete oxidation of carbon-containing fuels occurs during combustion. Motor vehicles are the main source of carbon monoxide in Ireland, although tobacco smoke and poorly adjusted or maintained combustion devices such as boilers also contribute. Carbon monoxide concentration tends to be higher in areas with heavy traffic congestion. Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream through the lungs, where it hinders delivery of oxygen to body tissue. Exposure to CO in ambient air is most serious for people with cardiovascular diseases.
Particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns (PM2.5) or ‘fine’ particulate matter is particle pollution composed of a mixture of solids and liquids. Depending on the source of the matter these can include nitrates and sulphates, volatile organic compounds, metals, soil and dust particles. The main sources of particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM10) in Ireland are the burning of solid fuels and vehicular traffic. The adverse health effects of particulate matter arise from its ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory tract.
No adjustment has been made for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from forest sequestration.
Only gases and pollutants resulting from domestic Landings and Take-Offs (LTOs) and cruising from one Irish airport to another are accounted for under IPCC guidelines. Emissions from international flights are not included in the inventory.
Emissions are distributed across NACE sectors according to the correspondences between Common Reporting Format (CRF)/Nomenclature For Reporting (NFR) codes in the Air Emissions Inventory and NACE Rev. 2 sectors.
In some cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the CRF/NFR codes and a NACE Rev. 2 sector. In this case, the total emissions from this CRF/NFR code are attributed to that NACE Rev. 2 sector. In many cases, a single CRF/NFR corresponds to more than one NACE sector. In these cases, emissions are assigned across NACE sectors by using expenditure on fuel by each NACE sector.
Data for all years has been presented using the NACE Rev. 2 classification, which came into effect in 2008.
Electricity and gas supply
Emissions from the production of electricity and gas are allocated to the suppliers of energy rather than the end users, and so are allocated to NACE Rev. 2 division 35 (Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply).
Road transport
Road transport emissions are attributed to individual economic sectors according to the principal activity of the business. If the transport of passengers or freight is the principal activity of a business, then the related emissions are attributed to NACE Rev. 2 division 49 (Land transport). If road transport is a secondary or ancillary activity to the main business, then the related road transport emissions are allocated to the main NACE division of the enterprise.
Detailed data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s road transport emissions model are combined with the CSO's Road Freight Transport data, private vehicle registration data and road traffic volumes data to allocate road transport usage across NACE sectors.
There is one CRF/NFR code for road transport in the EPA Air Emissions Inventory. This emissions figure is generally distributed across NACE sectors by using expenditure on transport fuel by each NACE sector.
Road freight transport data are allocated initially by using the tonne-km data collected by the CSO. This data allocates emissions to the main NACE sectors responsible for road freight as identified in the CSO Road Freight Transport Survey. For the remaining unspecified sectors, emissions are apportioned across NACE sectors using expenditure on transport fuel by each NACE sector.
Emissions from private cars are split into household vehicles, small Public Service Vehicles (which are assigned to NACE 49) and company cars, whose emissions are distributed across all NACE sectors proportionally according to expenditure on transport fuel by each NACE sector.
Emissions from buses are allocated to NACE 49. Emissions from motorcycles are allocated to households.
Landfill waste
Landfill waste accounts for approximately 7% of methane (CH4) emissions. The NACE Rev. 2 classification for waste treatment is NACE 37-39 (Sewerage and waste management). Most landfill sites are owned and operated by local authorities who are categorised under NACE 84 (Public Administration and Defence). However, all CH4 emissions from landfill waste have been classified under NACE 37-39, as this is the NACE sector of the local unit.
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